Climate Fresk

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* [[En-en_adult_card_8_agriculture|Agriculture]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_8_agriculture|Agriculture]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_42_methane_hydrates|Methane Hydratess]]
<section end=Cardadult9Caus />
<section end=Cardadult9Caus />


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=== Causes ===
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult10Caus />
<section begin=Cardadult10Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_2_industrie|Industrie]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_2_industry|Industry]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_4_transportation|Transportation]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_4_transportation|Transportation]]
<section end=Cardadult10Caus />
<section end=Cardadult10Caus />
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<section begin=Cardadult12Caus />
<section begin=Cardadult12Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_7_co2_emissions|{{CO2}} Emissions]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_7_co2_emissions|{{CO2}} Emissions]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_42_weakening_gulf_stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]
<section end=Cardadult12Caus />
<section end=Cardadult12Caus />


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<section begin=Cardadult14Caus />
<section begin=Cardadult14Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_15_radiative_forcing|Radiative Forcing]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_15_radiative_forcing|Radiative Forcing]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_42_weakening_gulf_stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]
<section end=Cardadult14Caus />
<section end=Cardadult14Caus />


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* [[En-en_adult_card_18_melting_of_sea_ice|Melting of Sea Ice]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_18_melting_of_sea_ice|Melting of Sea Ice]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting of Ice Sheets]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting of Ice Sheets]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperaturet_rise|Temperature Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Temperature Rise]]
<section end=Cardadult14Cons />
<section end=Cardadult14Cons />


Line 234: Line 235:
=== Description ===
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult15Desc />
<section begin=Cardadult15Desc />
Radiative forcing represents the difference (caused by humans) between the energy that arrives on Earth each second and the energy that is released.
Radiative forcing represents the difference (caused by humans) between the energy that arrives on Earth each second and the energy that is released.<br>
In the 5 th assessment report of IPCC, it is rated at <math> 2.3 W/m^2
In the 5 th assessment report of IPCC, it is rated at <math> 2.3 W/m^2 </math> (Watt per square meter).
<section end=Cardadult15Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult15Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_13_additional_greenhouse_effect|Additional Greenhouse Effect]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_10_aerosols|Aerosols]]<section end=Cardadult15Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult15Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult15Cons />
 
== Card #16 : Melting of Glaciers ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult16Desc />
Almost all glaciers have lost mass. Hundreds of them have already disappeared.<br>
These glaciers play a regulating role in the provision of fresh water.
<section end=Cardadult16Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult16Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult16Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult16Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Sea Level Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
<section end=Cardadult16Cons />
 
== Card #17 : Increase in Water Temperature ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult17Desc />
Oceans absorb 93% of the energy accumulated on Earth.<br>
Their temperature has therefore increased, especially in the upper layers.<br>
The water expands as it warms up.
<section end=Cardadult17Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult17Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult17Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult17Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Sea Level Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_27_marine_biodiversity|Marine Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]
<section end=Cardadult17Cons />
 
== Card #18 : Melting of Sea Ice ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult18Desc />
Sea ice melting does not make the sea level rise (just as a melting ice cube does not make a glass overflow).<br>
However, when it melts, it gives way to the much darker sea, which goes on to absorb more sun rays than white ice.
<section end=Cardadult18Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult18Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult18Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult18Cons />* No main consequences<section end=Cardadult18Cons />
 
== Card #19 : Melting of Ice Sheets ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult19Desc />
Continental glaciers (or ice sheets) are in Greenland and Antarctica.<br>
If they melt completely, they will cause a rise in ocean levels of 7 meters for Greenland and 54 meters for Antarctica.<br>
During the last ice age, ice sheets were so much larger that the sea level was 120 m lower than today.
<section end=Cardadult19Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult19Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult19Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult19Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Sea Level Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_42_weakening_gulf_stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]
<section end=Cardadult19Cons />
 
== Card #20 : Disruption of the Water Cycle ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult20Desc />
If the oceans and the atmosphere are hotter, the evaporation that takes place at the ocean surface increases.<br>
This means more rain clouds and more rain. If this happens on land, then the soils dries out.
<section end=Cardadult20Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult20Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Increase in Water Temperature]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Temperature Rise]]
<section end=Cardadult20Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult20Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclone]]
<section end=Cardadult20Cons />
 
== Card #21 : Temperature Rise ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult21Desc />
Here we are referring to the average temperature of air above the ground on Earth.<br>
It has increased by 1°C since 1900. Depending on the scenarios, the rise in temperature could reach 2°C to 5°C by 2100.<br>
At the end of the last ice age years, the average temperature was only 5°C lower than today... and deglaciation took 10,000 years!
<section end=Cardadult21Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult21Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult21Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult21Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_36_heat_waves|Heat Waves]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]
<section end=Cardadult21Cons />
 
== Card #22 : Sea Level Rise ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult22Desc />
Since 1900, sea level has risen by 20 cm.<br>
Sea level rise is caused by the thermal expansion of ocean waters, and the melting of glaciers and continental glaciers.
<section end=Cardadult22Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult22Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_16_melting_of_glaciers|Melting of Glaciers]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Increase in Water Temperature]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting of Ice Sheets]]<section end=Cardadult22Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult22Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]<section end=Cardadult22Cons />
 
== Card #23 : Hindered calcification process ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult23Desc />
When the pH drops, the formation of calcium carbonate (and more specifically, of calcified shells) becomes more difficult.
<section end=Cardadult23Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult23Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_24_ocean_acidification|Ocean Acidification]]<section end=Cardadult23Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult23Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_29_pteropods_and_coccolithophores|Pteropods and Coccolithophores]]<section end=Cardadult23Cons />
 
== Card #24 : Ocean Acidification ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult24Desc />
When {{CO2}} dissolves into the ocean, it turns into acid ions (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>).<br>
The effect of this transformation is ocean acidification (the pH decreases).
<section end=Cardadult24Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult24Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_12_carbon_sinks|Carbon Sinks]]<section end=Cardadult24Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult24Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_23_hindered_calcification_process|Hindered calcification process]]<section end=Cardadult24Cons />
 
== Card #25 : Terrestrial Biodiversity ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult25Desc />
Animals and plants are affected by the changes in temperature and the disruption of the water cycle.<br>
They may migrate, become extinct or, more rarely, proliferate.
<section end=Cardadult25Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult25Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Temperature Rise]]<section end=Cardadult25Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult25Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_28_vectors of_disease|Vectors of Disease]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]<section end=Cardadult25Cons />
 
== Card #26 : River Flooding ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult26Desc />
The disruption of the water cycle can bring more water or less water. More water can lead to river flooding.<br>
If the soil has been dried out by a drought, it makes things worse because the water runs off.
<section end=Cardadult26Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult26Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
<section end=Cardadult26Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult26Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]<section end=Cardadult26Cons />
 
== Card #27 : Marine Biodiversity ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult27Desc />
Pteropods and coccolithophores are at the base of the ocean food chain.<br>
Therefore, if they disappear, all marine biodiversity is threatened. The warming of ocean waters also threatens marine biodiversity.
<section end=Cardadult27Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult27Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Increase in Water Temperature]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_29_pteropods_and_coccolithophores|Pteropods and Coccolithophores]]<section end=Cardadult27Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult27Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Starvation]]<section end=Cardadult27Cons />
 
== Card #28 : Vectors of Disease ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult28Desc />
With global warming, animals migrate. Some of them carry diseases and can reach areas where the population is not immunized against these diseases.
<section end=Cardadult28Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult28Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]<section end=Cardadult28Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult28Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]<section end=Cardadult28Cons />
 
== Card #29 : Pteropods and Coccolithophores ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult29Desc />
Pteropods are a kind of zooplankton and coccolithophores a kind of phytoplankton. These organisms have a calcified shell.
<section end=Cardadult29Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult29Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_23_hindered_calcification_process|Problèmes de calcification]]<section end=Cardadult29Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult29Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_27_marine_biodiversity|Marine Biodiversity]]<section end=Cardadult29Cons />
 
== Card #30 : Droughts ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult30Desc />
The disruption of the water cycle can bring more water or less water. Less water is a drought. Droughts are likely to become more frequent in the future.
<section end=Cardadult30Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult30Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]<section end=Cardadult30Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult30Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_35_forest_fires|Forest Fires]]<section end=Cardadult30Cons />
 
== Card #31 : Freshwater Resources ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult31Desc />
Freshwater resources are affected by changes in rainfall and by the disappearance of glaciers that regulate the flow of rivers.
<section end=Cardadult31Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult31Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_16_melting_of_glaciers|Melting of Glaciers]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]<section end=Cardadult31Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult31Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]<section end=Cardadult31Cons />
 
== Card #32 : Decline in Agricultural Yields ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult32Desc />
Food production can be affected by temperature, droughts, extreme weather events, floods and marine submersion (e.g. the Nile Delta).
<section end=Cardadult32Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult32Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperaturet_rise|Temperature Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]<section end=Cardadult32Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult32Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Starvation]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]<section end=Cardadult32Cons />
 
== Card #33 : Marine Submersion ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult33Desc />
Cyclones and weather disturbances bring wind (therefore waves) and low pressure conditions.<br>
1 hectopascal less means a 1 cm sea level rise.<br>
Therefore cyclones can cause marine submersions (or coastal flooding), amplified by the sea level rise already caused by global warming.
<section end=Cardadult33Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult33Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Sea Level Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]<section end=Cardadult33Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult33Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]<section end=Cardadult33Cons />
 
== Card #34 : Cyclones ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult34Desc />
Cyclones use energy from warm waters at the ocean surface.  Because of global warming, they are becoming stronger.
<section end=Cardadult34Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult34Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Increase in Water Temperature]]<section end=Cardadult34Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult34Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]<section end=Cardadult34Cons />
 
== Card #35 : Forest Fires ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult35Desc />
Forest fires start more easily during droughts and heat waves.
<section end=Cardadult35Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult35Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_36_heat_waves|Heat Waves]]<section end=Cardadult35Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult35Cons />No direct consequences.<section end=Cardadult35Cons />
 
== Card #36 : Heat Waves ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult36Desc />
A manifestation of temperature increase is the multiplication of heat waves.
<section end=Cardadult36Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult36Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperaturet_rise|Temperature Rise]]<section end=Cardadult36Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult36Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_35_forest_fires|Forest Fires]]<section end=Cardadult36Cons />
 
== Card #37 : Starvation ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult37Desc />
Starvation can be caused by lower agricultural yields and by the reduction of marine biodiversity.
<section end=Cardadult37Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult37Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_27_marine_biodiversity|Marine Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]<section end=Cardadult37Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult37Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]<section end=Cardadult37Cons />
 
== Card #38 : Human Health ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult38Desc />
Starvation, displacement of disease vectors, heat waves and armed conflicts can affect human health.
<section end=Cardadult38Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult38Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_28_vectors of_disease|Vectors of Disease]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Starvation]]<section end=Cardadult38Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult38Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]<section end=Cardadult38Cons />
 
== Card #39 : Climate Refugees ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult39Desc />
Imagine that you live in a place that has been miraculously spared by climate change. Several billions of human beings might want to share this space with you.
<section end=Cardadult39Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult39Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Starvation]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]<section end=Cardadult39Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult39Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]<section end=Cardadult39Cons />
 
== Card #40 : Armed Conflicts ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult40Desc />
This is how we shouldn't let it end...
<section end=Cardadult40Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult40Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]<section end=Cardadult40Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult40Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]<section end=Cardadult40Cons />
 
== Card #41 : Permafrost ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult41Desc />
Permafrost is permanently frozen ground. <br>
Permafrost thawing leads to the decomposition of organic matter previously frozen underground, a phenomenon that releases methane and {{CO2}} into the atmosphere.<br>
Beyond +2°C, it is almost certain this phenomenon will accelerate and make the climate spiral out of control.
<section end=Cardadult41Desc />
 
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult41Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperaturet_rise|Temperature Rise]] ou [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult41Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult41Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_9_other_ghgs|Other GHGs]]<section end=Cardadult41Cons />
 
== Card #42 : Weakening Gulf Stream ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult42Desc />
The Gulf Stream is part of the ocean's thermohaline circulation. It could weaken in response to freshwater input from Greenland's melting ice sheet.<br>
This could disrupt the water cycle even more and reduce the ocean's capacity to absorb more carbon and heat.
<section end=Cardadult42Desc />
=== Causes ===
 
<section begin=Cardadult42Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting of Ice Sheets]]
<section end=Cardadult42Caus />
 
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult42Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_12_carbon_sinks|Carbon Sinks]]
<section end=Cardadult42Cons />
Retrieved from "https://wiki.climatefresk.org/en/index.php?title=Special:MobileDiff/105...662"