En-en adult card 6 deforestation: Difference between revisions

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{{Card
== Card #6: Deforestation ==
|number=6
<center>
|version=adult
|title=Deforestation
}}


== Définition ==
[[File:En-en_adult_card_6_front.png|400px]]
La déforestation est le phénomène de régression durable des surfaces couvertes de forêts, qu'il soit d'origine anthropique ou naturelle. Si une forêt repousse après une coupe, une attaque d'insectes xylophage ou un feu, on ne parle pas de déforestation.<ref> [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9forestation Définiton wikipédia] </ref>


== Explications ==
Deforestation is defined as cutting down or burning trees beyond the ability of the forest to restore itself. 80% of deforestation is driven by
agricultural expansion.


La déforestation peut être considérée comme une activité humaine ou comme une conséquence de l'agriculture, ou encore les deux à la fois. Attention : le problème avec la déforestation, ce n'est pas que ça détruit des puits de carbone, c'est que ça emet du CO2. c'est une différence entre flux et stock.
</center>


== Conseils pour l'animation ==
== Definition ==
Lors de l'animation du lot 2, les conséquences de cette carte ainsi que de [[Fr-fr_adulte_carte_9_autres_ges|Autres GES]] sont très souvent oubliées, car les participants expliquent le schéma en partant sur les [[Fr-fr_adulte_carte_5_énergies_fossiles|énergies fossiles]]. Il faut s'assurer que les participant·e·s parlent bien des conséquences de cette carte.
Deforestation, clearance, clearcutting or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is then converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use.<ref> [[wikipedia:Deforestation|Wikipedia definition]] </ref>


== Autres liens possibles ==
== Explanation ==


=== Liens causes ===
Deforestation can be seen as a human activity, as a consequence of agriculture, or both. However, the main issue with deforestation is not so much that it destroys carbon sinks, but that it emits CO<sub>2</sub> that took decades or centuries to capture. It's a question of flow vs. stock.


* [[Fr-fr_adulte_carte_2_industrie|Industrie]] Ce lien est possible pour les industries qui consomme du bois. Cependant, il faut faire attention, du bois utilisé par une usine dans une forêt geré durablement n'est pas consideré comme de la déforestation.
== Facilitation advice ==
The consequences of this card and of the [[En-en adult card 9 other ghgs|Other GHGs]] card are often forgotten, because participants often focus on the consequences of [[En-en adult card 5 fossil fuels|Fossil Fuels]]. It is important to make sure that participants also consider the consequences of this card.


* [[Fr-fr_adulte_carte_4_transport|Transport]] La construction de route nécéssite parfois de déforester, mais l'aspect unidimensionnelle de la route la rend quasiment négligeable devant la déforestation lié à l'agriculture.
== Correction ==
=== Causes ===
* [[En-en adult card 8 agriculture|Agriculture]]
=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en adult card 7 co2 emissions|CO2 emissions]]


=== Lien conséquences ===
== Other possible links ==
* [[Fr-fr_adulte_carte_12_puits_de_carbone|Puits de carbone]] Les participants pensent souvent que la déforestation réduit les puits de carbone. En réalité, l'impact est minime car les zones déforestées représentent une toute petite partie de la surface totale de forêt. De plus, une forêt à l'équilibre n'absorbe plus de carbone. Hors, on déforeste souvent des forêts à l'équilibre, ce qui n'impacte pas les puits de carbone. Par contre le {{CO2}} dégagé est très important.
* [[Fr-fr_adulte_carte_15_forçage_radiatif|Forçage radiatif]] Quand la forêt est coupé, une surface vert foncée est remplacé par une surface vert clair, qui à un [[Fr-fr_expert_carte_101_albédo|albédo]] plus elevé, donc absorbe moins d'énergie.
* [[Fr-fr_adulte_carte_20_perturbation_cycle_eau|Perturbation du cycle de l'eau]] ou [[Fr-fr_adulte_carte_26_crues|crues]] La végétation retiens l'eau. Si on la coupe, ça facilite les crues.
* [[Fr-fr_adulte_carte_35_incendies|Incendies]] Une partie de la déforestation est faite en brûlant la forêt qui peut ensuite dégénérer en feu non-maitrisé. C'est ce qu'il s'est passé pendant l'été 2019 en Amazonie et [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feux_de_brousse_de_2019-2020_en_Australie en Australie]
* [[Fr-fr_adulte_carte_25_biodiversité_terrestre|Biodiversité terrestre]] La déforestation cause énormement de perte de biodiversité :
** Animale car la forêt est une hote de beaucoup d'espèce. L'indice de biodiversité des forêts a chuté de 53% entre 1970 et 2014 <ref name="FAO 2020">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca8642en/CA8642EN.pdf#page=18 ''The State of the World’s Forests 2020, Executive Summary'', FAO]</ref>.
** Végétale car sur les 60 000 espèces d'arbres connus, 8000 sont considérées comme menacés<ref name="FAO 2020"/>.


== Contenu additionnel ==
=== Other causes ===
=== Utilisation du bois ===
Sur la déforestation, 93% du bois est brûlé (papier, agriculture, meubles jetables ......) pour 7% utilisé de manière durable (meuble, construction ...)


=== Répartition des causes de déforestation ===
* [[En-en adult card 2 industry|Industry]] This link is possible for wood-consuming industries. However, wood used by a factory from a sustainably managed forest is not considered deforestation.
Les facteurs de déforestation<ref>[http://www.fao.org/3/ca8642en/CA8642EN.pdf#page=106 ''The State of the World’s Forests 2020, Drivers of change'', FAO]</ref>. sont :
* 40% pour l'agriculte commercial : élevage, culture du soja ou de palmier à huile
* 33% pour l'agriculture de subsistance au local
* 10% pour l'expansion urbaine
* 10% pour l'expansion des infrastructures
* 7% pour le minage
Ces nombres concèrnent les moyennes mondiales, et varient beaucoup d'un pays à un autre.


=== Vitesse de perte de la forêt ===
* [[En-en adult card 4 transportation|Transportation]] Road construction sometimes requires deforestation, but the one-dimensional aspect of the road makes it almost negligible compared to wide-scale agriculture-related deforestation.
La surface de forêt perdu chaque année reduit petit à petit. Elle est passée de 7.8 millions d'hectares perdus par an dans les années 1990 à 4.7 millions dans les années 2010. Cela s'explique surtout par le fait que des forêts se développent ailleurs de manière naturelle ou artificielle<ref name="FAO 2020"/>.


== Réferences ==
=== Other consequences ===
* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks|Carbon Sinks]] Participants often think that deforestation reduces carbon sinks. In reality, the impact is minimal because deforested areas represent a very small part of the total forest area. Moreover, a mature forest has reached its equilibrium and no longer absorbs carbon. Therefore, as mainly mature forests are deforested, this does not impact carbon sinks. On the other hand, the amount CO<sub>2</sub> released is very high.
* [[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|Radiative forcing]] When forests are cut down, a dark green surface is replaced by a light green one, which has a higher [[wikipedia:Albedo|albedo]] and therefore absorbs less energy.
* [[En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]] Deforestation can perturb local precipitation.
* [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] Deforestation causes huge losses of biodiversity. To animal biodiversity because forests are hosts to many species. The forest biodiversity index fell by 53% between 1970 and 2014 <ref name="FAO 2020">[http://www.fao.org/3/ca8642en/CA8642EN.pdf#page=18 ''The State of the World’s Forests 2020, Executive Summary'', FAO]</ref>. And also to plant biodiversity, as 8,000 of the 60,000 known tree species are considered endangered.<ref name="FAO 2020"/>.
* [[En-en adult card 26 river flooding|River Flooding]] Vegetation retains water. Cutting it down can lead to flooding.
* [[En-en adult card 30 droughts|Droughts]] Deforestation can be the direct cause of droughts because trees stock a lot of water. If they are cut down, they no longer play their part as humidity regulators.
* [[En-en adult card 35 forest fires|Forest Fires]] One way of clearing forests is to burn them down, with the risk of losing control of the fire. This is what happened in the summer of 2019 in the Amazon forest and [[wikipedia:2019–20_Australian_bushfire_season|in Australia]].
 
== Additional content ==
=== Wood usage ===
93% of the wood from deforestation is burned (paper, agriculture, disposable furniture, etc.) and only 7% is used in a sustainable way (long-lasting furniture, construction, etc.).
 
=== Distribution of causes of deforestation ===
The drivers of deforestation<ref>[http://www.fao.org/3/ca8642en/CA8642EN.pdf#page=106 ''The State of the World’s Forests 2020, Drivers of change'', FAO]</ref> are:
* 40% for commercial agriculture, to breed livestock or to grow soy or oil palm
* 33% for local subsistence farming
* 10% for urban expansion
* 10% for infrastructure expansion
* 7% for mining.
These numbers are global averages, and vary greatly from country to country.
 
=== Speed of forest loss ===
The area of forest lost each year is gradually shrinking. It has decreased from 7.8 million hectares lost per year in the 1990s to 4.7 million hectares in 2010. This is mainly due to the fact that forests are growing elsewhere, either naturally or artificially.<ref name="FAO 2020"/>.
 
== References ==
<references />
<references />
[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_6_déforestation]]

Latest revision as of 13:39, 30 October 2021

Card #6: Deforestation

En-en adult card 6 front.png

Deforestation is defined as cutting down or burning trees beyond the ability of the forest to restore itself. 80% of deforestation is driven by agricultural expansion.

Definition

Deforestation, clearance, clearcutting or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is then converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use.[1]

Explanation

Deforestation can be seen as a human activity, as a consequence of agriculture, or both. However, the main issue with deforestation is not so much that it destroys carbon sinks, but that it emits CO2 that took decades or centuries to capture. It's a question of flow vs. stock.

Facilitation advice

The consequences of this card and of the Other GHGs card are often forgotten, because participants often focus on the consequences of Fossil Fuels. It is important to make sure that participants also consider the consequences of this card.

Correction

Causes

Consequences

Other possible links

Other causes

  • Industry This link is possible for wood-consuming industries. However, wood used by a factory from a sustainably managed forest is not considered deforestation.
  • Transportation Road construction sometimes requires deforestation, but the one-dimensional aspect of the road makes it almost negligible compared to wide-scale agriculture-related deforestation.

Other consequences

  • Carbon Sinks Participants often think that deforestation reduces carbon sinks. In reality, the impact is minimal because deforested areas represent a very small part of the total forest area. Moreover, a mature forest has reached its equilibrium and no longer absorbs carbon. Therefore, as mainly mature forests are deforested, this does not impact carbon sinks. On the other hand, the amount CO2 released is very high.
  • Radiative forcing When forests are cut down, a dark green surface is replaced by a light green one, which has a higher albedo and therefore absorbs less energy.
  • Disruption of the Water Cycle Deforestation can perturb local precipitation.
  • Terrestrial Biodiversity Deforestation causes huge losses of biodiversity. To animal biodiversity because forests are hosts to many species. The forest biodiversity index fell by 53% between 1970 and 2014 [2]. And also to plant biodiversity, as 8,000 of the 60,000 known tree species are considered endangered.[2].
  • River Flooding Vegetation retains water. Cutting it down can lead to flooding.
  • Droughts Deforestation can be the direct cause of droughts because trees stock a lot of water. If they are cut down, they no longer play their part as humidity regulators.
  • Forest Fires One way of clearing forests is to burn them down, with the risk of losing control of the fire. This is what happened in the summer of 2019 in the Amazon forest and in Australia.

Additional content

Wood usage

93% of the wood from deforestation is burned (paper, agriculture, disposable furniture, etc.) and only 7% is used in a sustainable way (long-lasting furniture, construction, etc.).

Distribution of causes of deforestation

The drivers of deforestation[3] are:

  • 40% for commercial agriculture, to breed livestock or to grow soy or oil palm
  • 33% for local subsistence farming
  • 10% for urban expansion
  • 10% for infrastructure expansion
  • 7% for mining.

These numbers are global averages, and vary greatly from country to country.

Speed of forest loss

The area of forest lost each year is gradually shrinking. It has decreased from 7.8 million hectares lost per year in the 1990s to 4.7 million hectares in 2010. This is mainly due to the fact that forests are growing elsewhere, either naturally or artificially.[2].

References

  1. ↑ Wikipedia definition
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 The State of the World’s Forests 2020, Executive Summary, FAO
  3. ↑ The State of the World’s Forests 2020, Drivers of change, FAO
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