En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks

Card #12: Carbon Sinks

Causes		Consequences
CO2 Emissions Weakening Gulf Stream		Concentration of CO2 Ocean Acidification

Half of the CO₂ we emit every year is absorbed by carbon sinks :
- 1/4 by the vegetation (through photosynthesis)
- 1/4 by the ocean
The remaining half (1/2) stays in the atmosphere.

Explanation

The original IPCC graph represents both CO₂ emissions and carbon sinks. The Climate Collage has chosen to split it in two to show where CO₂ comes from and where it goes. This is why the two cards are symmetrical: every year, the CO₂ emitted by humankind has to go somewhere. Any CO₂ that is not absorbed by the other carbon sinks remains in the atmosphere.

The text at the back of the card gives approximate absorption rates. The more detailed percentages are:

• 27.9% for the ocean
• 28.8% for photosynthesis.

Facilitation tips

This card is to be mirrored with the CO₂ emissions card. To help the players figure this out, we can show them the card and ask "Can you see anything weird about this card?". Very often they notice that the legend is written upside-down. We can then tell them that it is a puzzle to be solved and that the answer is on the table. If the players do not figure it out, they can be given some clues:

• What is the type of representation? A graph
• What type of graph? A "filled" curve
• What is the legend? The same as for CO₂ emissions.

Correction

Causes

• CO2 Emissions

Consequences

• Concentration of CO2
• Ocean Acidification

Other possible links

Other causes

• Deforestation Players often think that deforestation reduces carbon sinks. In reality, the impact is minimal because deforested areas represent a very small part of the total forest area. On the other hand, the CO₂ emitted is very important.
• Agriculture It doesn't matter if this link is not made, but it is true that agriculture can improve storage capacity through photosynthesis. This is the 0.4% principle (if we increased the soil's capacity to sequester carbon by even 0.4%, we would have a significant impact on CO₂).

Other consequences

• Decline in agricultural yields Studies have shown that yields increase with increased CO₂, but that the nutrient content of vegetables is reduced as a result, because trace elements are not more abundant when yields increase.

To go further

Variation in photosynthesis

On this card, we can see that in some years photosynthesis drops to 0, and varies greatly from one year to another. The explanation comes from the fact that the residual carbon sink is calculated from the remaining value of the other variables. This is why negative values are sometimes found. In this graph, emissions and their distribution only include flows that have varied since 1750, without the natural CO₂ flows, such as CO₂ degassing from lakes, rivers and oceans. However, the IPCC does not clearly explain why such a variation can be read on the graph.

It can be added that the atmospheric concentration has increased sharply in years with an El Niño phenomenon because it makes it difficult for vegetation to absorb carbon.

Carbon sinks capacity

Jean-Marc Jancovici’s web site - Won't "carbon sinks" absorb excess CO₂? (French)