Climate Fresk

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* [[En-en_adult_card_8_agriculture|Agriculture]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_8_agriculture|Agriculture]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_42_methane_hydrates|Methane Hydratess]]
<section end=Cardadult9Caus />
<section end=Cardadult9Caus />


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=== Causes ===
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult10Caus />
<section begin=Cardadult10Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_2_industrie|Industrie]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_2_industry|Industry]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_4_transportation|Transportation]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_4_transportation|Transportation]]
<section end=Cardadult10Caus />
<section end=Cardadult10Caus />
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<section begin=Cardadult12Caus />
<section begin=Cardadult12Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_7_co2_emissions|{{CO2}} Emissions]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_7_co2_emissions|{{CO2}} Emissions]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_42_weakening_gulf_stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]
<section end=Cardadult12Caus />
<section end=Cardadult12Caus />


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<section begin=Cardadult14Caus />
<section begin=Cardadult14Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_15_radiative_forcing|Radiative Forcing]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_15_radiative_forcing|Radiative Forcing]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_42_weakening_gulf_stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]
<section end=Cardadult14Caus />
<section end=Cardadult14Caus />


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* [[En-en_adult_card_18_melting_of_sea_ice|Melting of Sea Ice]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_18_melting_of_sea_ice|Melting of Sea Ice]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting of Ice Sheets]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting of Ice Sheets]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperaturet_rise|Temperature Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Temperature Rise]]
<section end=Cardadult14Cons />
<section end=Cardadult14Cons />


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<section begin=Cardadult15Desc />
<section begin=Cardadult15Desc />
Radiative forcing represents the difference (caused by humans) between the energy that arrives on Earth each second and the energy that is released.<br>
Radiative forcing represents the difference (caused by humans) between the energy that arrives on Earth each second and the energy that is released.<br>
In the 5 th assessment report of IPCC, it is rated at 2.3 W/m^2 (Watt per square meter).
In the 5 th assessment report of IPCC, it is rated at <math> 2.3 W/m^2 </math> (Watt per square meter).
<section end=Cardadult15Desc />
<section end=Cardadult15Desc />


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<section begin=Cardadult15Cons />
<section begin=Cardadult15Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult15Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult15Cons />
== Card #16 : Melting of Glaciers ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult16Desc />
Almost all glaciers have lost mass. Hundreds of them have already disappeared.<br>
These glaciers play a regulating role in the provision of fresh water.
<section end=Cardadult16Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult16Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult16Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult16Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Sea Level Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
<section end=Cardadult16Cons />
== Card #17 : Increase in Water Temperature ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult17Desc />
Oceans absorb 93% of the energy accumulated on Earth.<br>
Their temperature has therefore increased, especially in the upper layers.<br>
The water expands as it warms up.
<section end=Cardadult17Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult17Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult17Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult17Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Sea Level Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_27_marine_biodiversity|Marine Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]
<section end=Cardadult17Cons />
== Card #18 : Melting of Sea Ice ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult18Desc />
Sea ice melting does not make the sea level rise (just as a melting ice cube does not make a glass overflow).<br>
However, when it melts, it gives way to the much darker sea, which goes on to absorb more sun rays than white ice.
<section end=Cardadult18Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult18Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult18Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult18Cons />* No main consequences<section end=Cardadult18Cons />
== Card #19 : Melting of Ice Sheets ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult19Desc />
Continental glaciers (or ice sheets) are in Greenland and Antarctica.<br>
If they melt completely, they will cause a rise in ocean levels of 7 meters for Greenland and 54 meters for Antarctica.<br>
During the last ice age, ice sheets were so much larger that the sea level was 120 m lower than today.
<section end=Cardadult19Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult19Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult19Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult19Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Sea Level Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_42_weakening_gulf_stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]
<section end=Cardadult19Cons />
== Card #20 : Disruption of the Water Cycle ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult20Desc />
If the oceans and the atmosphere are hotter, the evaporation that takes place at the ocean surface increases.<br>
This means more rain clouds and more rain. If this happens on land, then the soils dries out.
<section end=Cardadult20Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult20Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Increase in Water Temperature]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Temperature Rise]]
<section end=Cardadult20Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult20Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclone]]
<section end=Cardadult20Cons />
== Card #21 : Temperature Rise ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult21Desc />
Here we are referring to the average temperature of air above the ground on Earth.<br>
It has increased by 1°C since 1900. Depending on the scenarios, the rise in temperature could reach 2°C to 5°C by 2100.<br>
At the end of the last ice age years, the average temperature was only 5°C lower than today... and deglaciation took 10,000 years!
<section end=Cardadult21Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult21Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult21Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult21Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_36_heat_waves|Heat Waves]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]
<section end=Cardadult21Cons />
== Card #22 : Sea Level Rise ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult22Desc />
Since 1900, sea level has risen by 20 cm.<br>
Sea level rise is caused by the thermal expansion of ocean waters, and the melting of glaciers and continental glaciers.
<section end=Cardadult22Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult22Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_16_melting_of_glaciers|Melting of Glaciers]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Increase in Water Temperature]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting of Ice Sheets]]<section end=Cardadult22Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult22Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]<section end=Cardadult22Cons />
== Card #23 : Hindered calcification process ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult23Desc />
When the pH drops, the formation of calcium carbonate (and more specifically, of calcified shells) becomes more difficult.
<section end=Cardadult23Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult23Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_24_ocean_acidification|Ocean Acidification]]<section end=Cardadult23Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult23Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_29_pteropods_and_coccolithophores|Pteropods and Coccolithophores]]<section end=Cardadult23Cons />
== Card #24 : Ocean Acidification ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult24Desc />
When {{CO2}} dissolves into the ocean, it turns into acid ions (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>).<br>
The effect of this transformation is ocean acidification (the pH decreases).
<section end=Cardadult24Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult24Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_12_carbon_sinks|Carbon Sinks]]<section end=Cardadult24Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult24Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_23_hindered_calcification_process|Hindered calcification process]]<section end=Cardadult24Cons />
== Card #25 : Terrestrial Biodiversity ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult25Desc />
Animals and plants are affected by the changes in temperature and the disruption of the water cycle.<br>
They may migrate, become extinct or, more rarely, proliferate.
<section end=Cardadult25Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult25Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Temperature Rise]]<section end=Cardadult25Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult25Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_28_vectors of_disease|Vectors of Disease]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]<section end=Cardadult25Cons />
== Card #26 : River Flooding ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult26Desc />
The disruption of the water cycle can bring more water or less water. More water can lead to river flooding.<br>
If the soil has been dried out by a drought, it makes things worse because the water runs off.
<section end=Cardadult26Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult26Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
<section end=Cardadult26Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult26Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]<section end=Cardadult26Cons />
== Card #27 : Marine Biodiversity ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult27Desc />
Pteropods and coccolithophores are at the base of the ocean food chain.<br>
Therefore, if they disappear, all marine biodiversity is threatened. The warming of ocean waters also threatens marine biodiversity.
<section end=Cardadult27Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult27Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Increase in Water Temperature]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_29_pteropods_and_coccolithophores|Pteropods and Coccolithophores]]<section end=Cardadult27Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult27Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Starvation]]<section end=Cardadult27Cons />
== Card #28 : Vectors of Disease ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult28Desc />
With global warming, animals migrate. Some of them carry diseases and can reach areas where the population is not immunized against these diseases.
<section end=Cardadult28Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult28Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]<section end=Cardadult28Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult28Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]<section end=Cardadult28Cons />
== Card #29 : Pteropods and Coccolithophores ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult29Desc />
Pteropods are a kind of zooplankton and coccolithophores a kind of phytoplankton. These organisms have a calcified shell.
<section end=Cardadult29Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult29Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_23_hindered_calcification_process|Problèmes de calcification]]<section end=Cardadult29Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult29Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_27_marine_biodiversity|Marine Biodiversity]]<section end=Cardadult29Cons />
== Card #30 : Droughts ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult30Desc />
The disruption of the water cycle can bring more water or less water. Less water is a drought. Droughts are likely to become more frequent in the future.
<section end=Cardadult30Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult30Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]<section end=Cardadult30Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult30Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_35_forest_fires|Forest Fires]]<section end=Cardadult30Cons />
== Card #31 : Freshwater Resources ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult31Desc />
Freshwater resources are affected by changes in rainfall and by the disappearance of glaciers that regulate the flow of rivers.
<section end=Cardadult31Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult31Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_16_melting_of_glaciers|Melting of Glaciers]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]<section end=Cardadult31Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult31Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]<section end=Cardadult31Cons />
== Card #32 : Decline in Agricultural Yields ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult32Desc />
Food production can be affected by temperature, droughts, extreme weather events, floods and marine submersion (e.g. the Nile Delta).
<section end=Cardadult32Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult32Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperaturet_rise|Temperature Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]<section end=Cardadult32Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult32Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Starvation]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]<section end=Cardadult32Cons />
== Card #33 : Marine Submersion ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult33Desc />
Cyclones and weather disturbances bring wind (therefore waves) and low pressure conditions.<br>
1 hectopascal less means a 1 cm sea level rise.<br>
Therefore cyclones can cause marine submersions (or coastal flooding), amplified by the sea level rise already caused by global warming.
<section end=Cardadult33Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult33Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Sea Level Rise]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]<section end=Cardadult33Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult33Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]<section end=Cardadult33Cons />
== Card #34 : Cyclones ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult34Desc />
Cyclones use energy from warm waters at the ocean surface.  Because of global warming, they are becoming stronger.
<section end=Cardadult34Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult34Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Increase in Water Temperature]]<section end=Cardadult34Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult34Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]<section end=Cardadult34Cons />
== Card #35 : Forest Fires ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult35Desc />
Forest fires start more easily during droughts and heat waves.
<section end=Cardadult35Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult35Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_36_heat_waves|Heat Waves]]<section end=Cardadult35Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult35Cons />No direct consequences.<section end=Cardadult35Cons />
== Card #36 : Heat Waves ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult36Desc />
A manifestation of temperature increase is the multiplication of heat waves.
<section end=Cardadult36Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult36Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperaturet_rise|Temperature Rise]]<section end=Cardadult36Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult36Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_35_forest_fires|Forest Fires]]<section end=Cardadult36Cons />
== Card #37 : Starvation ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult37Desc />
Starvation can be caused by lower agricultural yields and by the reduction of marine biodiversity.
<section end=Cardadult37Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult37Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_27_marine_biodiversity|Marine Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]<section end=Cardadult37Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult37Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]<section end=Cardadult37Cons />
== Card #38 : Human Health ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult38Desc />
Starvation, displacement of disease vectors, heat waves and armed conflicts can affect human health.
<section end=Cardadult38Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult38Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_28_vectors of_disease|Vectors of Disease]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Starvation]]<section end=Cardadult38Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult38Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]<section end=Cardadult38Cons />
== Card #39 : Climate Refugees ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult39Desc />
Imagine that you live in a place that has been miraculously spared by climate change. Several billions of human beings might want to share this space with you.
<section end=Cardadult39Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult39Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Starvation]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]<section end=Cardadult39Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult39Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]<section end=Cardadult39Cons />
== Card #40 : Armed Conflicts ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult40Desc />
This is how we shouldn't let it end...
<section end=Cardadult40Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult40Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]<section end=Cardadult40Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult40Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]<section end=Cardadult40Cons />
== Card #41 : Permafrost ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult41Desc />
Permafrost is permanently frozen ground. <br>
Permafrost thawing leads to the decomposition of organic matter previously frozen underground, a phenomenon that releases methane and {{CO2}} into the atmosphere.<br>
Beyond +2°C, it is almost certain this phenomenon will accelerate and make the climate spiral out of control.
<section end=Cardadult41Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult41Caus />* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperaturet_rise|Temperature Rise]] ou [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]<section end=Cardadult41Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult41Cons />* [[En-en_adult_card_9_other_ghgs|Other GHGs]]<section end=Cardadult41Cons />
== Card #42 : Weakening Gulf Stream ==
=== Description ===
<section begin=Cardadult42Desc />
The Gulf Stream is part of the ocean's thermohaline circulation. It could weaken in response to freshwater input from Greenland's melting ice sheet.<br>
This could disrupt the water cycle even more and reduce the ocean's capacity to absorb more carbon and heat.
<section end=Cardadult42Desc />
=== Causes ===
<section begin=Cardadult42Caus />
* [[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting of Ice Sheets]]
<section end=Cardadult42Caus />
=== Consequences ===
<section begin=Cardadult42Cons />
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_12_carbon_sinks|Carbon Sinks]]
<section end=Cardadult42Cons />
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