En-en adult card 8 agriculture - Revision history

Karen Schmitt: Structure change

2021-10-30T12:49:54Z

Structure change

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:49, 30 October 2021
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	{{Card		== Card #8: Agriculture ==
	\|~~number=8~~		<center>
	~~\|version=adult~~
	~~\|title=~~Agriculture		[[File:En-en_adult_card_8_front.png\|400px]]
	}}
			Agriculture does not emit much CO<sub>2</sub> but does emit large quantities of methane (from cattle and rice paddies) and nitrous oxide (from
			fertilizers). In all, agriculture accounts for 25% of GHGs if we include the induced deforestation.

			</center>

	== Explanation ==		== Explanation ==

Karen Schmitt: Link add for Memo

2021-04-09T07:58:03Z

Link add for Memo

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:58, 9 April 2021
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	===Other consequences===		===Other consequences===
			* [[En-en adult card 5 fossil fuels\|Fossil fuels]] Agriculture does not use much fossil fuel, just enough to keep tractors running. Its carbon emissions are high, bu mainly because of methane and nitrous oxide.
			* [[En-en adult card 7 co2 emissions\|CO2 emissions]] Agriculture does not emit much CO2 except from deforestation. Its carbon emissions mainly come from othe GHGs.
			* [[En-en adult card 10 aerosols\|Aerosols]] Spraying crops does result in aerosols and air pollution, but not to the same extent as incomplete combustion from power plants.
	* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks\|Carbon Sinks]] It doesn't matter if this link is not made, but it is true that agriculture can improve storage capacity through photosynthesis. This is the 0.4% principle (if we increased the soil's capacity to sequester carbon by even 0,4%, we would have a significant impact on CO<sub>2</sub>).		* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks\|Carbon Sinks]] It doesn't matter if this link is not made, but it is true that agriculture can improve storage capacity through photosynthesis. This is the 0.4% principle (if we increased the soil's capacity to sequester carbon by even 0,4%, we would have a significant impact on CO<sub>2</sub>).
	*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity\|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] Here, we are thinking mainly of pesticides (especially Roundup or neonicotinoids). No link with the climate, but an interesting relation to make.		*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity\|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] Here, we are thinking mainly of pesticides (especially Roundup or neonicotinoids). No link with the climate, but an interesting relation to make.

Karen Schmitt: Minor correction

2021-04-04T15:43:46Z

Minor correction

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:43, 4 April 2021
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	* [[En-en adult card 1 human activities\|Human activities]]		* [[En-en adult card 1 human activities\|Human activities]]

	===Consequences		===Consequences===
	* [[En-en adult card 6 deforestation\|Deforestation]]		* [[En-en adult card 6 deforestation\|Deforestation]]
	* [[En-en adult card 9 other ghgs\|Other GHGs]]		* [[En-en adult card 9 other ghgs\|Other GHGs]]

Karen Schmitt: Adaptation for Memo

2021-04-04T15:43:30Z

Adaptation for Memo

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:43, 4 April 2021
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	Since then, the impact of human activity on its environment has been growing. Plant species have been domesticated (today, domesticated rice is no longer able to reproduce without human intervention), forests have been cleared to expand cultivated areas, depriving animal species of their natural habitat, and since the Green Revolution (green for agricultural, not for ecological), we have been using [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide pesticides] and inputs that are harmful to the environment and to our health.		Since then, the impact of human activity on its environment has been growing. Plant species have been domesticated (today, domesticated rice is no longer able to reproduce without human intervention), forests have been cleared to expand cultivated areas, depriving animal species of their natural habitat, and since the Green Revolution (green for agricultural, not for ecological), we have been using [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide pesticides] and inputs that are harmful to the environment and to our health.

			== Correction ==
			===Causes===
			* [[En-en adult card 1 human activities\|Human activities]]

			===Consequences
			* [[En-en adult card 6 deforestation\|Deforestation]]
			* [[En-en adult card 9 other ghgs\|Other GHGs]]

	==Other possible links==		==Other possible links==

	===~~Consequences~~===		===Other consequences===
	* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks\|Carbon Sinks]] It doesn't matter if this link is not made, but it is true that agriculture can improve storage capacity through photosynthesis. This is the 0.4% principle (if we increased the soil's capacity to sequester carbon by even 0,4%, we would have a significant impact on CO<sub>2</sub>).		* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks\|Carbon Sinks]] It doesn't matter if this link is not made, but it is true that agriculture can improve storage capacity through photosynthesis. This is the 0.4% principle (if we increased the soil's capacity to sequester carbon by even 0,4%, we would have a significant impact on CO<sub>2</sub>).
	*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity\|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] Here, we are thinking mainly of pesticides (especially Roundup or neonicotinoids). No link with the climate, but an interesting relation to make.		*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity\|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] Here, we are thinking mainly of pesticides (especially Roundup or neonicotinoids). No link with the climate, but an interesting relation to make.

Karen Schmitt: Link to French

2021-02-13T09:29:48Z

Link to French

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:29, 13 February 2021
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	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

			[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_8_agriculture]]

Karen Schmitt: Minor corrections

2021-02-13T09:12:43Z

Minor corrections

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 13 February 2021
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	== Explanation ==		== Explanation ==

	Agriculture uses very little fossil ~~energy,~~ compared to the emissions of other GHGs for which it is responsible. It is responsible for 80% of deforestation~~. Indeed,~~ large areas ~~are~~ needed to grow crops, especially to feed farm animals. Agriculture is a human activity that began as soon as the climate stabilised, at the beginning of the Neolithic period 10,000 years ago, after the last deglaciation, which itself lasted 10,000 years. Since then, the impact of human activity on its environment has been growing: it has domesticated plant species (today, domesticated rice is no longer able to reproduce without human intervention), it has deforested to expand the cultivated areas, depriving animal species of their natural habitat, and since the Green Revolution (green for agricultural, not for ecological!), it has begun to use [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide pesticides] and inputs that are harmful to the environment and to itself.		Agriculture uses very little fossil fuel compared to the emissions of other GHGs for which it is responsible. It is responsible for 80% of deforestation because of the large areas needed to grow crops, especially to feed farm animals. Agriculture is a human activity that began as soon as the climate stabilised, at the beginning of the Neolithic period 10,000 years ago, after the last deglaciation, which itself lasted 10,000 years.

	~~== Facilitation tips ==~~		Since then, the impact of human activity on its environment has been growing. Plant species have been domesticated (today, domesticated rice is no longer able to reproduce without human intervention), forests have been cleared to expand cultivated areas, depriving animal species of their natural habitat, and since the Green Revolution (green for agricultural, not for ecological), we have been using [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide pesticides] and inputs that are harmful to the environment and to our health.

	~~Facilitation tips (to be amended)~~		==Other possible links==

	== ~~Other possible links~~ ==		===Consequences===
			* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks\|Carbon Sinks]] It doesn't matter if this link is not made, but it is true that agriculture can improve storage capacity through photosynthesis. This is the 0.4% principle (if we increased the soil's capacity to sequester carbon by even 0,4%, we would have a significant impact on CO<sub>2</sub>).
			*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity\|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] Here, we are thinking mainly of pesticides (especially Roundup or neonicotinoids). No link with the climate, but an interesting relation to make.

	=== ~~Consequences~~ ===		==To go further ==
	* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks\|Carbon Sinks]] It doesn't matter if this link is not made, but it is true that agriculture can improve storage capacity through photosynthesis. This is the 0.4 per cent principle (if we increased the soil's capacity to sequester carbon by even 4/1000, we would have a significant impact on CO2).
	* [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity\|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] Here, we are thinking mainly of pesticides (especially round-up or neonicotinoids). No link with the climate, but an interesting relation to make.

	~~== To go further ==~~		===Footprint of animal husbandry===
			Much of the impact of agriculture is due to animal husbandry. However, it is very difficult to agree on a percentage of greenhouse gases due to livestock.
	=== Footprint of animal husbandry ===		*Which Global warming potential (GWP) to choose: methane is the main warming gas due to livestock farming. If we look at a 20-year horizon, it has a GWP of 84, but of 28 only over a 100-year horizon: difference of a factor three.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_all_final.pdf#page=730 Page 714 of IPCC fifth assessment report, working group #1] </ref>
	Much of the impact of agriculture is due to animal husbandry. However, it is very difficult to ~~have~~ a percentage of greenhouse gases ~~that is agreed~~ due to ~~many factors:~~		*Partnerships with various private institutions <ref>[http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/150555/icode/ FAO, ''New effort to harmonize measurement of livestock’s environmental impacts'']</ref> who have a vested interest in this number, such as:
	* Which Global warming potential (GWP) to choose: methane is the main warming gas due to livestock farming. If we look at a 20-year horizon, it has a GWP of 84, but of 28 only over a 100-year horizon: a difference of a factor of three.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_all_final.pdf#page=730 Page 714 of IPCC fifth assessment report, working group #1] </ref>		**The European Feed Manufacturers' Federation (FEFAC)
	* Partnerships with various private institutions <ref>[http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/150555/icode/ FAO, ''New effort to harmonize measurement of livestock’s environmental impacts'']</ref> who have a vested interest in this number, such as :
	** The European Feed Manufacturers' Federation (FEFAC)
	** the European Vegetable Oil and Proteinmeal Industry (FEDIOL)		** the European Vegetable Oil and Proteinmeal Industry (FEDIOL)
	** the International Dairy Federation, (IDF)		** the International Dairy Federation, (IDF)
	** the International Meat Secretariat (IMS)		**the International Meat Secretariat (IMS)
	** the International Egg Commission (IEC)		**the International Egg Commission (IEC)
	** the International Poultry Council (IPC)		** the International Poultry Council (IPC)
	** the International Federation for Animal Health (IFAH)		**the International Federation for Animal Health (IFAH)
	** the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).		**the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

	~~At the end of the day~~, the two ~~numbers~~ most often found are:		However, the two figures most often found are:
	* 18% of total emissions according to the 2007 report <ref>[http://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e.pdf FAO, ''Livestock's long shadow'', page xxi, 2007]</ref>		*18% of total emissions according to the 2007 report <ref>[http://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e.pdf FAO, ''Livestock's long shadow'', page xxi, 2007]</ref>
	* 14.5% of total emissions according to the 2012 report <ref>[http://www.fao.org/3/i3437e/i3437e.pdf FAO, ''Tackling climate change through Livestock'', page xii, 2012]</ref>		*14.5% of total emissions according to the 2012 report <ref>[http://www.fao.org/3/i3437e/i3437e.pdf FAO, ''Tackling climate change through Livestock'', page xii, 2012]</ref>

	=== Key concepts ===		===Key concepts===
	* The IPCC distribution key logically assigns to industry the agro-industry (fertilisers, crop treatment products, herbicides, agricultural machinery) and the agro-food industry. But this does not help to estimate the positive effects that a system based on agroforestry, shorter distribution channels and a sharp drop in the consumption of industrially processed food products could have.		*The IPCC distribution key logically assigns to industry the agro-industry (fertilisers, crop treatment products, herbicides, agricultural machinery) and the agro-food industry. But this does not help to estimate the positive effects that a system based on agroforestry, shorter distribution channels and a sharp drop in the consumption of industrially processed food products could have.
	* The massive use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides gradually~~, but certainly,~~ destroys the micro-flora and micro-fauna of the soil.		* The massive use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides gradually destroys the micro-flora and micro-fauna of the soil.
	* Earthworms are disappearing, whereas they ~~are real~~ small ploughmen ~~favouring~~ root penetration and improving the permeability of the soil and the renewal of ~~the~~ water tables. ~~On the other hand, they~~ feed on the residues of previous crops and transform them into humus, a stable form of organic matter ~~and a real sponge~~ capable of storing a large quantity of water and releasing it in times of drought. Moreover, humus stores the mineral elements that can be used by the plant.		*Earthworms are disappearing, whereas they act as small ploughmen working for root penetration and improving the permeability of the soil and the renewal of water tables. They also feed on the residues of previous crops and transform them into humus, a stable form of organic matter capable of storing a large quantity of water and releasing it in times of drought. Moreover, humus stores the mineral elements that can be used by the plant.
	* Fungi also ~~disappear~~ under the effect of fertilisers and chemical treatment products, although they are intermediaries living in symbiosis with the plants. They act as an extension of the roots, fetching water and mineral salts and exchanging them for organic molecules produced by the plant.		*Fungi are also disappearing under the effect of fertilisers and chemical treatment products, although they are intermediaries living in symbiosis with the plants. They act as an extension of the roots, fetching water and mineral salts and exchanging them for organic molecules produced by the plant.

	=== Storing carbon through agroforestry ===		===Storing carbon through agroforestry===
	The disappearance of earthworms and fungi, as well as deep and frequent ploughing and ~~the nakedness of the~~ land between two crops ~~over a long period of time~~, accelerate the decomposition of organic matter. Agricultural soils in chemical-input agriculture are net producers of carbon and ~~regularly~~ deplete organic matter~~. While~~ agroforestry provides an annual increase of 4‰ ~~(4 per 1000)~~<ref>Official web [https://www.4p1000.org/ Site "4 pour 1000" initiative] </ref> in the level of organic matter in the soil. The soil ~~then~~ becomes a '''[[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks\|carbon sink]]'''.		The disappearance of earthworms and fungi, as well as deep and frequent ploughing and leaving land naked for many months between two crops, accelerate the decomposition of organic matter. Agricultural soils in chemical-input agriculture are net producers of carbon and deplete organic matter, while agroforestry provides an annual increase of 4‰<ref>Official web [https://www.4p1000.org/ Site "4 pour 1000" initiative] </ref> in the level of organic matter in the soil. The soil thus becomes a '''[[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks\|carbon sink]]'''.

	Widespread use of these techniques would make agriculture '''the safest and cheapest carbon sink''' at very low or ~~zero~~ cost. It would provide a much healthier diet and would maintain and even develop a ~~peasantry~~, the basis of food autonomy in many countries. Biodiversity would be greatly enhanced as a result. The shortening of circuits would reduce energy consumption. The same applies to a decline in the agri-food industry, which would also improve the health of our fellow citizens<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/sante/article/2019/05/30/comment-l-alimentation-ultratransformee-affecte-notre-sante_5469345_1651302.html Mathilde Gérard et Pascale Santi ''Comment l’alimentation ultratransformée affecte notre santé'', Le Monde, 30 mai 2019]</ref>. A major source of pollution would disappear.		Widespread use of these techniques would make agriculture '''the safest and cheapest carbon sink''' at very low or no cost. It would provide a much healthier diet and would maintain and even develop a population that could live decently from agriculture, the basis of food autonomy in many countries. Biodiversity would be greatly enhanced as a result. The shortening of circuits would reduce energy consumption. The same applies to a decline in the agri-food industry, which would also improve the health of our fellow citizens<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/sante/article/2019/05/30/comment-l-alimentation-ultratransformee-affecte-notre-sante_5469345_1651302.html Mathilde Gérard et Pascale Santi ''Comment l’alimentation ultratransformée affecte notre santé'', Le Monde, 30 mai 2019]</ref>. A major source of pollution would disappear.

	The jobs lost in agribusiness and agro-industry would be largely offset by those generated by agroforestry, which is much more labour-intensive than chemical-input agriculture.		The jobs lost in agribusiness and agro-industry would be largely offset by those generated by agroforestry, which is much more labour-intensive than chemical-input agriculture.
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	In total, we would have :		In total, we would have :
	* much '''healthier food''' produced by farmers who are proud of their work,,		*much '''healthier food''' produced by farmers who are proud of their work
	* a '''healthier''' population (reduction in particular of cardiovascular diseases and cancers) as a result of eating less meat and food that does not contain chemical residues,		*a '''healthier''' population (reduction in particular of cardiovascular diseases and cancers) as a result of eating less meat and food that does not contain chemical residues,
	* soils becoming an important '''carbon sink''' by increasing the level of organic matter in the soil (4‰/year),		*soils becoming an important '''carbon sink''' by increasing the level of organic matter in the soil (4‰/year)
	* a shift from industrial jobs (agrochemicals, agricultural machinery, agri-foodstuffs) to '''agricultural jobs''',		* a shift from industrial jobs (agrochemicals, agricultural machinery, agri-foodstuffs) to '''agricultural jobs'''
	* a reduction in food packaging~~,s,~~		*a reduction in food packaging
	* a strong '''decrease in energy consumption''' by the whole sector,,		*a strong '''decrease in energy consumption''' by the whole sector
	* a '''decrease''' in '''[[En-en adult card 9 other ghgs\|methane]]''' production by reducing the number of ruminants,		*a '''decrease''' in '''[[En-en adult card 9 other ghgs\|methane]]''' production by reducing the number of ruminants
	* the '''disappearance''' of '''nitrous oxide''' production linked to nitrogen fertilizers,		*the '''disappearance''' of '''nitrous oxide''' production linked to nitrogen fertilizers
	* a boost to '''[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity\|Terrestrial]] and [[En-en adult card 27 marine biodiversity\|Marine Biodiversity]]''' (disappearance of green algae and the ecological imbalance of which they are a symptom).		*a boost to '''[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity\|Terrestrial]] and [[En-en adult card 27 marine biodiversity\|Marine Biodiversity]]''' (disappearance of green algae and the ecological imbalance of which they are a symptom).

	== References ==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

Ouahcene: /* Explanation */

2021-02-12T16:53:49Z

Explanation

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:53, 12 February 2021
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	== Explanation ==		== Explanation ==

	Agriculture uses very little fossil energy, compared to the emissions of other GHGs for which it is responsible. It is responsible for 80% of deforestation. Indeed, large areas are needed to grow crops, especially to feed farm animals. Agriculture is a human activity that began as soon as the climate stabilised, at the beginning of the Neolithic period 10,000 years ago, after the last deglaciation, which itself lasted 10,000 years. Since then, the impact of human activity on its environment has been growing: it has domesticated plant species (today, domesticated rice is no longer able to reproduce without human intervention), it has deforested to expand the cultivated areas, depriving animal species of their natural habitat, and since the Green Revolution (green for agricultural, not for ecological!), it has begun to use [~~[En-en adult card 7 125~~ pesticides~~\|pesticides]~~] and inputs that are harmful to the environment and to itself.		Agriculture uses very little fossil energy, compared to the emissions of other GHGs for which it is responsible. It is responsible for 80% of deforestation. Indeed, large areas are needed to grow crops, especially to feed farm animals. Agriculture is a human activity that began as soon as the climate stabilised, at the beginning of the Neolithic period 10,000 years ago, after the last deglaciation, which itself lasted 10,000 years. Since then, the impact of human activity on its environment has been growing: it has domesticated plant species (today, domesticated rice is no longer able to reproduce without human intervention), it has deforested to expand the cultivated areas, depriving animal species of their natural habitat, and since the Green Revolution (green for agricultural, not for ecological!), it has begun to use [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide pesticides] and inputs that are harmful to the environment and to itself.

	== Facilitation tips ==		== Facilitation tips ==

Ouahcene at 09:58, 3 February 2021

2021-02-03T09:58:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:58, 3 February 2021
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	=== Footprint of animal husbandry ===		=== Footprint of animal husbandry ===
	Much of the impact of agriculture is due to animal husbandry. However, it is very difficult to have a percentage of greenhouse gases that is agreed due to many factors:		Much of the impact of agriculture is due to animal husbandry. However, it is very difficult to have a percentage of greenhouse gases that is agreed due to many factors:
	* Which Global warming potential (GWP) to choose: methane is the main warming gas due to livestock farming. If we look at a 20-year horizon, it has a GWP of 84, but of 28 only over a 100-year horizon: a difference of a factor of three.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_all_final.pdf#page=730 Page ~~730~~ of IPCC fifth assessment report, working group #1] </ref>		* Which Global warming potential (GWP) to choose: methane is the main warming gas due to livestock farming. If we look at a 20-year horizon, it has a GWP of 84, but of 28 only over a 100-year horizon: a difference of a factor of three.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_all_final.pdf#page=730 Page 714 of IPCC fifth assessment report, working group #1] </ref>
	* Partnerships with various private institutions <ref>[http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/150555/icode/ FAO, ''New effort to harmonize measurement of livestock’s environmental impacts'']</ref> who have a vested interest in this number, such as :		* Partnerships with various private institutions <ref>[http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/150555/icode/ FAO, ''New effort to harmonize measurement of livestock’s environmental impacts'']</ref> who have a vested interest in this number, such as :
	** The European Feed Manufacturers' Federation (FEFAC)		** The European Feed Manufacturers' Federation (FEFAC)

Ouahcene: First draft of entire page

2021-02-02T20:19:29Z

First draft of entire page

Show changes

Laurent Wargon at 14:12, 23 January 2021

2021-01-23T14:12:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:12, 23 January 2021
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	\|title=Agriculture		\|title=Agriculture
	}}		}}


	== Explications ==		== Explications ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:58, 9 April 2021
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	===Other consequences===		===Other consequences===
			* [[En-en adult card 5 fossil fuels\|Fossil fuels]] Agriculture does not use much fossil fuel, just enough to keep tractors running. Its carbon emissions are high, bu mainly because of methane and nitrous oxide.
			* [[En-en adult card 7 co2 emissions\|CO2 emissions]] Agriculture does not emit much CO2 except from deforestation. Its carbon emissions mainly come from othe GHGs.
			* [[En-en adult card 10 aerosols\|Aerosols]] Spraying crops does result in aerosols and air pollution, but not to the same extent as incomplete combustion from power plants.
	* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks\|Carbon Sinks]] It doesn't matter if this link is not made, but it is true that agriculture can improve storage capacity through photosynthesis. This is the 0.4% principle (if we increased the soil's capacity to sequester carbon by even 0,4%, we would have a significant impact on CO<sub>2</sub>).		* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks\|Carbon Sinks]] It doesn't matter if this link is not made, but it is true that agriculture can improve storage capacity through photosynthesis. This is the 0.4% principle (if we increased the soil's capacity to sequester carbon by even 0,4%, we would have a significant impact on CO<sub>2</sub>).
	*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity\|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] Here, we are thinking mainly of pesticides (especially Roundup or neonicotinoids). No link with the climate, but an interesting relation to make.		*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity\|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] Here, we are thinking mainly of pesticides (especially Roundup or neonicotinoids). No link with the climate, but an interesting relation to make.