Climate Fresk - User contributions [en]

En-en adult card 21 temperature rise

2022-01-08T15:14:29Z

Karen Schmitt: Link correction for Memo

== Card #21: Rising Air Temperatures ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_21_front.png|400px]]

The average air temperature at the surface of the Earth has increased by 1.2°C since 1900. Future emission scenarios predict that this increase will reach
between 2 and 5°C by 2100. During the last ice age 20,000 years ago, the average air temperature was only 5°C lower than today and warming up took 10,000 years.

</center>

== Explanation==
This card can play two roles:

* Either it's the temperature of the air, and therefore of the atmosphere. This is how it should be interpreted when you have kept cards 10, 14 and 15 in the game. In this case, the previous card is 14.
* Either it represents the temperature of the Earth (and this is good because the definition of the temperature of the Earth is precisely the temperature of the air, at ground level, on average at the surface of the Earth). In this case, the previous card is 13 and we can link to cards 16, 17, 18 and 19.

At the current rate of warming, 0.2°C per decade, the warming will reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2050.

== Correction ==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_36_heat_waves|Heat Waves]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]

== Other possible links ==
=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]].
* [[En-en adult card 38 human health|Human Health]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]

== To go further ==

=== Additional data ===
The ocean absorbs 93% of the excess energy on earth. How is it that it only warms up by a tenth of a degree at the surface and even less under water? This is because it is much more massive than the atmosphere and has a much greater calorific capacity. To measure this, we have to remember that the ocean covers 71% of the earth's surface and that it has a depth of 4000m on average. The atmosphere has a greater thickness, but if we bring it back to the same density as water, it is only 10m thick (this is why we gain one atmosphere of pressure every 10 m when we dive).

At the current rate of warming, 0.2°C per decade, warming will reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2050.

The current level of ambition to slowly reduce the rate of greenhouse gas emissions would lead to a global warming of more than 3°C by 2100 and would therefore not respect the objective of the Paris Agreement.

Limiting global warming to well below 2°C would imply reducing CO2 emissions by 25% by 2030 and reaching a net zero rate by 2070.

Limiting global warming to 1.5°C would imply reducing CO2 emissions by 50% by 2030 and reaching a net zero level by 2050. This would require rapid, profound and unprecedented transitions in energy systems, land use, urban, industrial and infrastructure systems, using a range of technologies and behavioural changes.

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_21_hausse_température]]

En-en adult card 32 decline agricultural yields

2022-01-08T15:13:51Z

Karen Schmitt: Link correction for Memo

== Card #32: Decline in Agricultural Yields ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_32_front.png|400px]]

Food production can be affected by temperature, droughts, extreme weather events, floods and marine submersion (e.g. the Nile Delta).

</center>

== Explanation==
This is one of the greatest threats to humanity. Declines in agricultural yields have already led to conflicts in Rwanda and Syria.

==Facilitation advice==
===Local or global impacts===
It may be interesting to differentiate between local and global causes. Local causes are:

*[[En-en adult card 26 river flooding|River Flooding]]
*[[En-en adult card 30 droughts|Droughts]]
*[[En-en adult card 33 marine submersion|Marine Submersion]]
*[[En-en adult card 34 cyclones|Cyclones]]
*[[En-en adult card 35 forest fires|Forest Fires]]

More global causes are:

*[[En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle|Disruption of the water cycle]]
*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial biodiversity]]
*[[En-en adult card 31 freshwater resources|Freshwater resources]]

==Correction==
===Causes===
*[[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]
===Consequences===
*[[En-en_adult_card_37_hunger|Hunger]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks|Carbon sinks]] Studies have shown that yields increase with increased CO2, but that the nutrient content of vegetables is reduced. Indeed, trace elements do not become more abundant when yields increase.
*[[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
== Wrong links ==
=== Wrong consequences ===
*[[En-en adult card 8 agriculture|Agriculture]] Yes, the yield decline does affect agriculture, but the agriculture card is here to stand for one of the causes of GHG emissions.

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_32_baisse_rendements_agricoles]]

En-en adult card 21 temperature rise

2022-01-08T15:12:00Z

Karen Schmitt: Link add for Memo

== Card #21: Rising Air Temperatures ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_21_front.png|400px]]

The average air temperature at the surface of the Earth has increased by 1.2°C since 1900. Future emission scenarios predict that this increase will reach
between 2 and 5°C by 2100. During the last ice age 20,000 years ago, the average air temperature was only 5°C lower than today and warming up took 10,000 years.

</center>

== Explanation==
This card can play two roles:

* Either it's the temperature of the air, and therefore of the atmosphere. This is how it should be interpreted when you have kept cards 10, 14 and 15 in the game. In this case, the previous card is 14.
* Either it represents the temperature of the Earth (and this is good because the definition of the temperature of the Earth is precisely the temperature of the air, at ground level, on average at the surface of the Earth). In this case, the previous card is 13 and we can link to cards 16, 17, 18 and 19.

At the current rate of warming, 0.2°C per decade, the warming will reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2050.

== Correction ==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_36_heat_waves|Heat Waves]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]

== Other possible links ==
=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]].
* [[En-en adult card 38 human health|Human Health]]

== To go further ==

=== Additional data ===
The ocean absorbs 93% of the excess energy on earth. How is it that it only warms up by a tenth of a degree at the surface and even less under water? This is because it is much more massive than the atmosphere and has a much greater calorific capacity. To measure this, we have to remember that the ocean covers 71% of the earth's surface and that it has a depth of 4000m on average. The atmosphere has a greater thickness, but if we bring it back to the same density as water, it is only 10m thick (this is why we gain one atmosphere of pressure every 10 m when we dive).

At the current rate of warming, 0.2°C per decade, warming will reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2050.

The current level of ambition to slowly reduce the rate of greenhouse gas emissions would lead to a global warming of more than 3°C by 2100 and would therefore not respect the objective of the Paris Agreement.

Limiting global warming to well below 2°C would imply reducing CO2 emissions by 25% by 2030 and reaching a net zero rate by 2070.

Limiting global warming to 1.5°C would imply reducing CO2 emissions by 50% by 2030 and reaching a net zero level by 2050. This would require rapid, profound and unprecedented transitions in energy systems, land use, urban, industrial and infrastructure systems, using a range of technologies and behavioural changes.

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_21_hausse_température]]

En-en adult card 39 climate refugees

2022-01-08T15:09:34Z

Karen Schmitt: Link add for Memo

== Card #39: Climate Refugees ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_39_front.png|400px]]

Imagine that you live in a place that has been miraculously spared from climate change. Several billion people may wish to share this space with you.

</center>

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_37_hunger|Hunger]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]

=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]
* [[En-en adult card 38 human health|Human Health]]

==To go further==

===Africa ===
In 2018, extreme climatic events such as droughts in Afghanistan, cyclone Gita in Samoa, floods in the Philippines led to numerous population displacements. According to the IDMC (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre) it is estimated that there will be more than 20 million climate refugees per year in the decade 2008-2018<ref>[https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries IDM ''Country displacement data'']</ref>.

From 2011 to 2012, cross-border movement of Somalis to Kenya and Ethiopia in a context of drought, food insecurity and starvation, while conflict and violence also prevail in south and central Somalia<ref>[https://www.unhcr.org/5c1ba88d4.pdf United Nations ''International protection in the context of nexus dynamics between conflict or violence and disaster or climate change'']</ref>.

Between 1984 and 1985 the Ethiopian government had to resettle several tens of thousands of people from drought-stricken areas.

===Asia and the Pacific===
Of the 10 countries with the largest share of their displaced population, 7 are Pacific or Caribbean islands.

A European Parliament report estimates that there are 200,000 climate refugees in Bangladesh<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/621893/EPRS_BRI(2018)621893_EN.pdf European Parliament ''The concept of 'climate refugee' Towards a possible definition'']</ref>.

Migration and Climate Change reports from the IOM (International Organization for Migration) of the United Nations :

*Cartaret Islands in Papua New Guinea,
*residents of the Lateu village in Vanuatu,
* the movements of the inhabitants of Shishmaref on the Sarichef ise in Alaska
*refugees linked to the flooding of Lohachara Island in the heart of the Hooghly River (a tributary of the Ganges River in India)

Note: for the moment, these four examples remain debatable as to their origins being linked to anthropogenic warming. However, future events are less and less debatable as the effects become more severe.

One in ten inhabitants of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu have had to migrate because of climate change<ref>[https://www.nanseninitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/OR_Human_Mobility_Natural_Disasters_and_Climate_Change_in_the_Pacific.pdf THE NANSEN INITIATIVE ''Human Mobility, Natural Disasters and Climate Change in the Pacific, 2013'']</ref>.

=== United States===
In 2003 the US Immigration Service temporarily (for 2 years) expanded the status of 80,000 refugees from Honduras who had to flee Hurricane Mitch.

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_39_réfugiés_climatiques]]

En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle

2021-11-01T10:49:37Z

Karen Schmitt: Link correction

== Card #20: Disruption of the Water Cycle ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_20_front.png|400px]]

Hotter oceans and a hotter atmosphere lead to stronger evaporation, causing rainclouds and rainfall. Hotter land and a hotter atmosphere also lead to
stronger evaporation, this time causing the ground to dry out.

</center>

== Explanation ==
This card is important. It alone shows why we used to talk about global warming and now about climate change.

Temperature increase is in itself a problem, but you can see on the Fresk at the end that disruption of the water cycle has much more effect.

== Facilitation advice ==
To illustrate that evaporation takes place at the surface of the water, place cards [[En-en_adult_card 17_increase_in water_temperature|17]] and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|21]] on the table, place the lower edge of card 21 against the upper edge of card 17, then place card 20 at the boundary of the two, perpendicularly, to mark the surface of the water (between water and air).

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_Rising_Water_Temperatures|Rising Water Temperatures]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]

=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 6 deforestation|Deforestation]] Vegetation retains water. When it is cut down, the risk of flooding increases.
*[[En-en adult card 42 weakening gulf stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting ice sheets]] It's a bit technical, but the blue part of the map of Antarctica on card 19 represents a gain in mass due to an increase of precipitations. The red part represents a loss in mass. In total, Antarctica is losing mass.
* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The Vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]].

== Wrong links==
=== Wrong causes===

* [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting Sea Ice]] The melting of the Arctic ice pack, but also the melting of Greenland's glaciers may lead, in the distant future, to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation (which gives rise to the Gulf Stream). But the "Water Cycle" card does not refer at all to thermohaline circulation.

=== Wrong consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 22 sea level rise|Rising Sea Levels]] No, more rain is not going to cause the oceans to overflow! This is a rare mistake to be made, but if it happens to you, ask the players where rainclouds come from...

== To go further ==

=== El Niño===
[https://www.oce.global/en/resources/videos/clim-el-nino Explanatory video from OCE on El Niño]

===Popularisation===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqMmRdsK5WM The Mystery of the Expansion of the Tropics (French)]

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_20_perturbation_cycle_eau]]

En-en adult card 38 human health

2021-11-01T10:39:48Z

Karen Schmitt: Link correction

== Card #38: Human Health ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_38_front.png|400px]]

Hunger, new vectors of disease, heatwaves and armed conflicts can have a negative effect on human health.

</center>

== Explanation==
This is one of the cards to be placed last, as one of the ultimate consequences of climate change.

==Correction==
===Causes===
*[[En-en_adult_card_28_vectors_of_disease|Vectors of Disease]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_37_hunger|Hunger]]

=== Consequences===
*[[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
* [[En-en adult card 36 heat waves|Heat waves]] Heat waves can be devastating, especially for older people and in places where air conditioning is not available.

==To go further==
The Sámi are an indigenous people from an area covering northern Sweden, Norway and Finland as well as the Kola Peninsula in Russia known as Lapland. The livelihoods of the Sámi are endangered by global warming<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-TS_FINAL.pdf AR5 WG2 IPCC, ''medium confidence, major contribution from climate change'']</ref>.

The same applies to the livelihood conditions of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic Circle in Canada and Russia<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-TS_FINAL.pdf AR5 WG2 IPCC, ''medium confidence, major contribution from climate change'']</ref>.

Increase in water-borne diseases (cholera, malaria, dengue fever, diarrhoea, hepatitis (hepatitis A and E), typhoid, some meningitis in Israel, etc.).

Increasing vulnerability to the survival of Aymara farmers in Bolivia due to the lack of freshwater resources caused by global warming<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-TS_FINAL.pdf AR5 WG2 IPCC, ''medium confidence, major contribution from climate change'']</ref>.

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_38_santé_humaine]]

En-en adult card 21 temperature rise

2021-11-01T10:38:27Z

Karen Schmitt: Link correction

== Card #21: Rising Air Temperatures ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_21_front.png|400px]]

The average air temperature at the surface of the Earth has increased by 1.2°C since 1900. Future emission scenarios predict that this increase will reach
between 2 and 5°C by 2100. During the last ice age 20,000 years ago, the average air temperature was only 5°C lower than today and warming up took 10,000 years.

</center>

== Explanation==
This card can play two roles:

* Either it's the temperature of the air, and therefore of the atmosphere. This is how it should be interpreted when you have kept cards 10, 14 and 15 in the game. In this case, the previous card is 14.
* Either it represents the temperature of the Earth (and this is good because the definition of the temperature of the Earth is precisely the temperature of the air, at ground level, on average at the surface of the Earth). In this case, the previous card is 13 and we can link to cards 16, 17, 18 and 19.

At the current rate of warming, 0.2°C per decade, the warming will reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2050.

== Correction ==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_36_heat_waves|Heat Waves]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]

== Other possible links ==
=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]].
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
== To go further ==

=== Additional data ===
The ocean absorbs 93% of the excess energy on earth. How is it that it only warms up by a tenth of a degree at the surface and even less under water? This is because it is much more massive than the atmosphere and has a much greater calorific capacity. To measure this, we have to remember that the ocean covers 71% of the earth's surface and that it has a depth of 4000m on average. The atmosphere has a greater thickness, but if we bring it back to the same density as water, it is only 10m thick (this is why we gain one atmosphere of pressure every 10 m when we dive).

At the current rate of warming, 0.2°C per decade, warming will reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2050.

The current level of ambition to slowly reduce the rate of greenhouse gas emissions would lead to a global warming of more than 3°C by 2100 and would therefore not respect the objective of the Paris Agreement.

Limiting global warming to well below 2°C would imply reducing CO2 emissions by 25% by 2030 and reaching a net zero rate by 2070.

Limiting global warming to 1.5°C would imply reducing CO2 emissions by 50% by 2030 and reaching a net zero level by 2050. This would require rapid, profound and unprecedented transitions in energy systems, land use, urban, industrial and infrastructure systems, using a range of technologies and behavioural changes.

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_21_hausse_température]]

En-en adult card 32 decline agricultural yields

2021-11-01T10:33:42Z

Karen Schmitt: Link correction

== Card #32: Decline in Agricultural Yields ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_32_front.png|400px]]

Food production can be affected by temperature, droughts, extreme weather events, floods and marine submersion (e.g. the Nile Delta).

</center>

== Explanation==
This is one of the greatest threats to humanity. Declines in agricultural yields have already led to conflicts in Rwanda and Syria.

==Facilitation advice==
===Local or global impacts===
It may be interesting to differentiate between local and global causes. Local causes are:

*[[En-en adult card 26 river flooding|River Flooding]]
*[[En-en adult card 30 droughts|Droughts]]
*[[En-en adult card 33 marine submersion|Marine Submersion]]
*[[En-en adult card 34 cyclones|Cyclones]]
*[[En-en adult card 35 forest fires|Forest Fires]]

More global causes are:

*[[En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle|Disruption of the water cycle]]
*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial biodiversity]]
*[[En-en adult card 31 freshwater resources|Freshwater resources]]

==Correction==
===Causes===
*[[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]
===Consequences===
*[[En-en_adult_card_37_hunger|Hunger]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks|Carbon sinks]] Studies have shown that yields increase with increased CO2, but that the nutrient content of vegetables is reduced. Indeed, trace elements do not become more abundant when yields increase.
*[[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
== Wrong links ==
=== Wrong consequences ===
*[[En-en adult card 8 agriculture|Agriculture]] Yes, the yield decline does affect agriculture, but the agriculture card is here to stand for one of the causes of GHG emissions.

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_32_baisse_rendements_agricoles]]

En-en adult card 21 temperature rise

2021-11-01T10:32:37Z

Karen Schmitt:

== Card #21: Rising Air Temperatures ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_21_front.png|400px]]

The average air temperature at the surface of the Earth has increased by 1.2°C since 1900. Future emission scenarios predict that this increase will reach
between 2 and 5°C by 2100. During the last ice age 20,000 years ago, the average air temperature was only 5°C lower than today and warming up took 10,000 years.

</center>

== Explanation==
This card can play two roles:

* Either it's the temperature of the air, and therefore of the atmosphere. This is how it should be interpreted when you have kept cards 10, 14 and 15 in the game. In this case, the previous card is 14.
* Either it represents the temperature of the Earth (and this is good because the definition of the temperature of the Earth is precisely the temperature of the air, at ground level, on average at the surface of the Earth). In this case, the previous card is 13 and we can link to cards 16, 17, 18 and 19.

At the current rate of warming, 0.2°C per decade, the warming will reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2050.

== Correction ==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_36_heat_waves|Heat Waves]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]

== Other possible links ==
=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]].
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
== To go further ==

=== Additional data ===
The ocean absorbs 93% of the excess energy on earth. How is it that it only warms up by a tenth of a degree at the surface and even less under water? This is because it is much more massive than the atmosphere and has a much greater calorific capacity. To measure this, we have to remember that the ocean covers 71% of the earth's surface and that it has a depth of 4000m on average. The atmosphere has a greater thickness, but if we bring it back to the same density as water, it is only 10m thick (this is why we gain one atmosphere of pressure every 10 m when we dive).

At the current rate of warming, 0.2°C per decade, warming will reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2050.

The current level of ambition to slowly reduce the rate of greenhouse gas emissions would lead to a global warming of more than 3°C by 2100 and would therefore not respect the objective of the Paris Agreement.

Limiting global warming to well below 2°C would imply reducing CO2 emissions by 25% by 2030 and reaching a net zero rate by 2070.

Limiting global warming to 1.5°C would imply reducing CO2 emissions by 50% by 2030 and reaching a net zero level by 2050. This would require rapid, profound and unprecedented transitions in energy systems, land use, urban, industrial and infrastructure systems, using a range of technologies and behavioural changes.

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_21_hausse_température]]

En-en adult card 10 aerosols

2021-11-01T10:30:06Z

Karen Schmitt: Missing link

== Card #10: Aerosols ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_10_front.png|400px]]

Nothing to do with aerosol spray cans. Aerosols are a type of local pollution that comes from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. They are bad for human health and they negatively contribute to radiative forcing, meaning that they have a cooling effect on the climate.

</center>

== Definitions ==
Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air, generally ranging in size from a few nanometres to 10 micrometres and which remain in the atmosphere for at least several hours. Aerosols can be of natural or human origin (through [[En-en adult card 4 transportation|transportation]] or [[En-en adult card 2 industry|industry]]). They can affect the climate in a variety of ways: [[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing#Cooling effects|directly]], by scattering or absorbing radiation, and [[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing#Cooling effects|indirectly]] by acting as condensation nuclei of clouds or glaciogenic cores, by modifying the optical properties and lifetime of clouds.

== Correction==

===Causes===

*[[En-en_adult_card_2_industry|Industry]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_4_transportation|Transportation]]
*[[En-en adult card 5 fossil fuels|Fossil fuels]]

===Consequences===

*[[En-en_adult_card_15_radiative_forcing|Radiative forcing]] Aerosols cool down the climate.
*[[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human health]] Although aerosols are not alone in the "fine particle" category, every year 391,000 people in EU countries die from air pollution<ref>[https://www.eea.europa.eu/fr/highlights/la-pollution-atmospherique-reste-trop Air pollution remains too high throughout Europe (French)]</ref>, and it causes 1.1 million premature deaths in India and China<ref>[https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/l-inde-rattrape-la-chine-en-nombre-de-morts-de-la-pollution_110560 India catches up with China in the number of deaths from pollution (French)]</ref>.

==Other possible links==

=== Other causes===
[[En-en adult card 3 building|Building usage]] Buildings emit few aerosols directly. The only significant emissions are chimney fires. In Chamonix, 85% of the fine particles present in the atmosphere come from wood heating<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/pollution/article/2016/12/08/dans-la-vallee-de-chamonix-le-chauffage-au-bois-est-le-principal-coupable-de-la-pollution_5045636_1652666.html In the Chamonix valley, wood heating is the main culprit of pollution (French).]</ref>.

==Facilitation advice==
This card can be removed most of the time, unless the players are likely to understand it, have the time and the facilitator has a good grasp of the subject.

[[En-en adult card 13 additional greenhouse effect|Card 13]] can be used to explain this: Aerosols mainly play on the orange arrows (they increase the size of the "Reflection" arrow, while the additional greenhouse effect plays on the red arrows (it increases the size of the "Greenhouse Effect" arrow which returns to the earth).

==To go further==

===Origins of anthropogenic aerosols===
Aerosols are a form of local pollution caused by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. When we burn fossil fuels, a perfect and complete combustion produces only CO2 and water vapour. However, the hydrocarbons we burn are not pure and the combustion is not complete. Therefore, polluting gases such as NOx or carbon monoxide and aerosols such as black carbon (soot) or hydrogen sulphide are also emitted.

===Natural Aerosols===
If clouds already existed before the industrial era, it is because aerosols exist in their natural state. They are for example microscopic grains of sand, salt crystals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as microorganisms blown by the wind from the leaves of trees. The micro-droplets of water that make up clouds can only form on a condensation core such as an aerosol.

===Uncertainty related to the calculation of the influence of aerosols===
Although aerosols are thought to cool the climate on average, their total contribution is the result of warming and cooling effects with great uncertainty. The sum of the two is therefore highly subject to uncertainty. The Futura Science article [https://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/dossiers/climatologie-tant-incertitudes-previsions-climatiques-638/ Why so many uncertainties in climate predictions?] (in French) provides a good understanding of the origin of these uncertainties.

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_10_aérosols]]

En-en adult card 5 fossil fuels

2021-11-01T10:29:16Z

Karen Schmitt: Missing link

== Card #5: Fossil fuels ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_5_front.png|400px]]

Fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gas. They are used mainly in buildings, transportation and industry. They emit CO2 when burned.

</center>

== Explanation ==
There is often a debate between placing the fossil fuels cards before or after [[En-en adult card 1 human activities|human activities]]. Like the chicken and the egg, there is no definitive answer. One should not waste time on this. The graph represents the emissions of fossil fuels. In a +2°C scenario, they should reach zero by 2070.

== Correction ==
=== Causes ===
* [[En-en adult card 2 industry|Industry]]
* [[En-en adult card 3 building|Building usage]]
* [[En-en adult card 4 transportation|Transportation]]
=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en adult card 7 co2 emissions|CO2 emissions]]
*[[En-en adult card 10 aerosols|Aerosols]]

==Other possible links==
===Other consequences===
* [[En-en adult card 1 human activities|Human activities]] What comes first? Do human activities cause the use of fossil fuels or do fossil fuels ensable human activities? Don't waste time on this and group the two cards together if necessary. Plenty of activities, happily, do not require burning fossil fuels, like windmills and watermills grinding grains for flour.
*[[En-en adult card 27 marine biodiversity|Marine biodiversity]] Oils slicks in the ocean are an example of a link between fossil fuels and marine biodiversity.
* [[En-en adult card 40 armed conflicts|Armed conflicts]] Although conflicts may occur because of resources, they are not directly caused by climate change, rather by resource depletion or scarcity. The relationship can be made, but it is due more to politics than to the climate crisis.

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_5_énergies_fossiles]]

En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle

2021-10-30T16:00:29Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #20: Disruption of the Water Cycle ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_20_front.png|400px]]

Hotter oceans and a hotter atmosphere lead to stronger evaporation, causing rainclouds and rainfall. Hotter land and a hotter atmosphere also lead to
stronger evaporation, this time causing the ground to dry out.

</center>

== Explanation ==
This card is important. It alone shows why we used to talk about global warming and now about climate change.

Temperature increase is in itself a problem, but you can see on the Fresk at the end that disruption of the water cycle has much more effect.

== Facilitation advice ==
To illustrate that evaporation takes place at the surface of the water, place cards [[En-en_adult_card 17_increase_in water_temperature|17]] and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|21]] on the table, place the lower edge of card 21 against the upper edge of card 17, then place card 20 at the boundary of the two, perpendicularly, to mark the surface of the water (between water and air).

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
*[[En-en adult card 42 weakening gulf stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]

=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 6 deforestation|Deforestation]] Vegetation retains water. When it is cut down, the risk of flooding increases.

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting ice sheets]] It's a bit technical, but the blue part of the map of Antarctica on card 19 represents a gain in mass due to an increase of precipitations. The red part represents a loss in mass. In total, Antarctica is losing mass.
* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The Vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]].

== Wrong links==
=== Wrong causes===

* [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting Sea Ice]] The melting of the Arctic ice pack, but also the melting of Greenland's glaciers may lead, in the distant future, to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation (which gives rise to the Gulf Stream). But the "Water Cycle" card does not refer at all to thermohaline circulation.

=== Wrong consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 22 sea level rise|Rising Sea Levels]] No, more rain is not going to cause the oceans to overflow! This is a rare mistake to be made, but if it happens to you, ask the players where rainclouds come from...

== To go further ==

=== El Niño===
[https://www.oce.global/en/resources/videos/clim-el-nino Explanatory video from OCE on El Niño]

===Popularisation===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqMmRdsK5WM The Mystery of the Expansion of the Tropics (French)]

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_20_perturbation_cycle_eau]]

En-en adult batch 5

2021-10-30T15:57:32Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

{{Batch
|num=5
|game=Adult
}}

This batch presents other climate-related disasters, as well as the consequences for humankind. The last two cards introduce a climatic feedback loop. The recommended duration is '''15 minutes'''.

==Cards==
*[[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of Disease]]
*[[En-en adult card 31 freshwater resources|Freshwater Resources]]
*[[En-en adult card 32 decline agricultural yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
*[[En-en adult card 35 forest fires|Forest Fires]]
*[[En-en adult card 36 heat waves|Heat Waves]]
*[[En-en adult card 37 famines|Famines]]
*[[En-en adult card 38 human health|Human Health]]
*[[En-en adult card 39 climate refugees|Climate Refugees]]
*[[En-en adult card 40 armed conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]
*[[En-en adult card 41 permafrost|Permafrost]]
*[[En-en adult card 42 weakening gulf stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]

==Correction==

[[File:En_en_Adult_Batch_5.png|1000px]]

Once the batch is finished and any questions have been answered, move on to the [[En-en creative part|creative part]].

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_lot_5]]

En-en adult card 24 ocean acidification

2021-10-30T15:56:10Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #24: Ocean Acidification ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_24_front.png|400px]]

When CO2 dissolves in the ocean, it turns into acid ions (H2CO3 and HCO3-). This makes the oceans more acidic and the pH drops.

</center>

== Explanation==
Ocean acidification is sometimes referred to as "the other carbon problem". It is not strictly speaking a consequence of climate change, but another consequence of CO2 emissions.

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_12_carbon_sinks|Carbon Sinks]]
=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en adult card 23 hindered calcification process|Calcification Difficulties]]

== Wrong links ==

=== Wrong causes ===
The card [[En-en adult card 11 concentration of co2|Concentration of CO2 (ppm)]] is often identified by players as the precursor of this card. However, not every molecule that is found in the ocean was previously in the atmosphere, and therefore the most logical link is with the [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks|carbon sinks]] card.

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_24_acidification_océan]]

En-en adult card 29 pteropods and coccolithophores

2021-10-30T15:55:28Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #29: Pteropods and Coccolithophores ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_29_front.png|400px]]

Pteropods are a type of zooplankton and coccolithophores a type of phytoplankton. These organisms have calcified shells.

</center>

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en adult card 23 hindered calcification process|Calcification Difficulties]]
=== Consequences ===
*[[En-en_adult_card_27_marine_biodiversity|Marine Biodiversity]]

== Facilitation advice ==
This is a card that makes people laugh because of the difficulty in pronouncing and remembering these words. Learn them by heart and brazenly pretend they are obvious :-)

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_29_ptéropodes_et_coccolithophores]]

En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle

2021-10-30T15:55:00Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #20: Disruption of the Water Cycle ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_20_front.png|400px]]

Hotter oceans and a hotter atmosphere lead to stronger evaporation, causing rainclouds and rainfall. Hotter land and a hotter atmosphere also lead to
stronger evaporation, this time causing the ground to dry out.

</center>

== Explanation ==
This card is important. It alone shows why we used to talk about global warming and now about climate change.

Temperature increase is in itself a problem, but you can see on the Fresk at the end that disruption of the water cycle has much more effect.

== Facilitation advice ==
To illustrate that evaporation takes place at the surface of the water, place cards [[En-en_adult_card 17_increase_in water_temperature|17]] and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|21]] on the table, place the lower edge of card 21 against the upper edge of card 17, then place card 20 at the boundary of the two, perpendicularly, to mark the surface of the water (between water and air).

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]

=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 6 deforestation|Deforestation]] Vegetation retains water. When it is cut down, the risk of flooding increases.

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting ice sheets]] It's a bit technical, but the blue part of the map of Antarctica on card 19 represents a gain in mass due to an increase of precipitations. The red part represents a loss in mass. In total, Antarctica is losing mass.
* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The Vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]].

== Wrong links==
=== Wrong causes===

* [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting Sea Ice]] The melting of the Arctic ice pack, but also the melting of Greenland's glaciers may lead, in the distant future, to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation (which gives rise to the Gulf Stream). But the "Water Cycle" card does not refer at all to thermohaline circulation.

=== Wrong consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 22 sea level rise|Rising Sea Levels]] No, more rain is not going to cause the oceans to overflow! This is a rare mistake to be made, but if it happens to you, ask the players where rainclouds come from...

== To go further ==

=== El Niño===
[https://www.oce.global/en/resources/videos/clim-el-nino Explanatory video from OCE on El Niño]

===Popularisation===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqMmRdsK5WM The Mystery of the Expansion of the Tropics (French)]

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_20_perturbation_cycle_eau]]

En-en adult batch 4

2021-10-30T15:54:33Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

{{Batch
|num=4
|game=Adult
}}

This batch highlights observable climate-related natural disasters, as well as consequences on the oceans. The recommended duration for this batch is '''15 minutes'''.

==Cards==
*[[En-en adult card 23 hindered calcification process|Calcification Difficulties]]
*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
*[[En-en adult card 26 river flooding|River Flooding]]
*[[En-en adult card 27 marine biodiversity|Marine Biodiversity]]
*[[En-en adult card 29 pteropods and coccolithophores|Pteropods and Coccolithophores]]
*[[En-en adult card 30 droughts|Droughts]]
*[[En-en adult card 33 marine submersion|Marine Submersion]]
*[[En-en adult card 34 cyclones|Cyclones]]

==Facilitation advice==
*If there are false connections around [[En-en adult card 30 droughts|Droughts]] and [[En-en adult card 33 marine submersion|Marine Submersion]], it can be useful to ask the players what the difference is between these two cards. The correction will follow easily.

==Correction==

[[File:En_en_Adult_Batch_4.png|1000px]]

Once the batch is finished and any questions have been answered, move on to [[En-en adult batch 5|batch 5]].

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_lot_4]]

En-en adult card 21 temperature rise

2021-10-30T15:53:01Z

Karen Schmitt:

== Card #21: Rising Air Temperatures ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_21_front.png|400px]]

The average air temperature at the surface of the Earth has increased by 1.2°C since 1900. Future emission scenarios predict that this increase will reach
between 2 and 5°C by 2100. During the last ice age 20,000 years ago, the average air temperature was only 5°C lower than today and warming up took 10,000 years.

</center>

== Explanation==
This card can play two roles:

* Either it's the temperature of the air, and therefore of the atmosphere. This is how it should be interpreted when you have kept cards 10, 14 and 15 in the game. In this case, the previous card is 14.
* Either it represents the temperature of the Earth (and this is good because the definition of the temperature of the Earth is precisely the temperature of the air, at ground level, on average at the surface of the Earth). In this case, the previous card is 13 and we can link to cards 16, 17, 18 and 19.

At the current rate of warming, 0.2°C per decade, the warming will reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2050.

== Correction ==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline Agricultural Yields]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_36_heat_waves|Heat Waves]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]

== Other possible links ==
=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]].

== To go further ==

=== Additional data ===
The ocean absorbs 93% of the excess energy on earth. How is it that it only warms up by a tenth of a degree at the surface and even less under water? This is because it is much more massive than the atmosphere and has a much greater calorific capacity. To measure this, we have to remember that the ocean covers 71% of the earth's surface and that it has a depth of 4000m on average. The atmosphere has a greater thickness, but if we bring it back to the same density as water, it is only 10m thick (this is why we gain one atmosphere of pressure every 10 m when we dive).

At the current rate of warming, 0.2°C per decade, warming will reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2050.

The current level of ambition to slowly reduce the rate of greenhouse gas emissions would lead to a global warming of more than 3°C by 2100 and would therefore not respect the objective of the Paris Agreement.

Limiting global warming to well below 2°C would imply reducing CO2 emissions by 25% by 2030 and reaching a net zero rate by 2070.

Limiting global warming to 1.5°C would imply reducing CO2 emissions by 50% by 2030 and reaching a net zero level by 2050. This would require rapid, profound and unprecedented transitions in energy systems, land use, urban, industrial and infrastructure systems, using a range of technologies and behavioural changes.

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_21_hausse_température]]

En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice

2021-10-30T15:50:35Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #18: Melting Sea Ice ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_18_front.png|400px]]

Sea ice melting does not make the sea level rise (just as a melting ice cube does not make a glass overflow). However, when it melts, the white ice gives
way to much darker sea, which absorbs more sun rays.

</center>

== Explanation ==
For a further explanation of why melting sea ice does not raise de sea level, Archimedes and all that, see the [[Link Melting of sea ice Sea level rise|explanation page]].

For some great graphics that illustrate Earth's ice loss, check out [http://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/CryoSat/Our_world_is_losing_ice_at_record_rate this article from ESA].

==Facilitation advice==
This is the trap in [[En-en adult batch 1|Batch 1]] which almost everyone falls into, unless they have read the cards from the start. For this reason, do not ask players to read the cards during batch 1. Instead, tell them that they can try to do it without explanations and once they have fallen into the trap, ask them to read the cards.

==Correction==
===Causes===
*[[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
===Consequences===
No main consequences

==Other possible links==

=== Other consequences ===
*[[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|Radiative forcing]] When the ice pack melts, a white surface is replaced by a dark blue surface, which has a lower albedo and therefore absorbs more energy. This relationship is not essential but it does allow another feedback loop of the game to be put forward.
*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial biodiversity]] The poor polar bear is a powerful symbol of the climat. If players make this connection, suggest they draw a bear!
*[[En-en adult card 27 marine biodiversity|Marine biodiversity]] There's probably some sort of link here...

== Wrong links==
=== Wrong consequences ===
*[[En-en adult card 13 additional greenhouse effect|Additional greenhouse effect]] This link would mark confusion with the amplifying effect due to albedo. The white sea ice melts to reveal a darker surface underneath and the extra energy absorbed warms the Earth. This mechanism is called albedo and has nothing to do with the greenhouse effect. It belongs to the orange arrows on card 13, not to the red arrows.
*[[En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle|Disruption of the water cycle]] The melting of the Arctic ice pack, but also the melting of Greenland's glaciers may lead, in the distant future, to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation (which gives rise to the Gulf Stream). But beware, the "Water Cycle" card does not refer at all to the thermohaline circulation.
*[[En-en adult card 22 sea level rise|Rising Sea Levels]] The melting of the ice pack is not responsible for the Sea Level Rise.

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_18_fonte_de_la_banquise]]

En-en adult card 33 marine submersion

2021-10-30T15:50:04Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #33: Marine Submersion ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_33_front.png|400px]]

Cyclones and other extreme weather events bring strong winds, waves and low pressure conditions. A 1-hPa (hectopascal) drop in atmospheric pressure causes a 1-cm sea level rise. Therefore cyclones can cause marine submersions (coastal flooding), on top of the sea level rise already caused by global warming.
</center>

== Explanation ==
Not to be confused with floods. Marine submersion is seawater or ocean water rising. This rise can be exceptional because of extreme weather events, or permanent because of rising water levels.

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Rising Sea Levels]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]
=== Consequences ===
*[[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]

== Other possible links ==
=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 31 freshwater resources|Freshwater resources]] If seawater rises, it can penetrate the water tables, which are freshwater reserves.

== To go further ==
=== Examples of events ===
The Maldives and the capital Malé are already struggling to meet the challenges of submersion: the island is committed to achieving carbon neutrality, as are the Marshall Islands, whose properties are threatened every year because of a drought in 2013 and rising water levels that endanger food security. The "Pacific Small Island Developing States" PSIDS (Fiji, Marshall, Micronesia, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, etc.) are collectively positioning themselves to analyse the risks linked to climate change<ref>[https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/ga-64/cc-inputs/PSIDS_CCIS.pdf Pacific Small Island Developing States, ''Views on the Possible Security Implications of Climate Change to be included in the report of the Secretary-General to the 64th Session of the United Nations General Assembly'']</ref>.

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_33_submersions]]

En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets

2021-10-30T15:49:35Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #19: Melting Ice Sheets ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_19_front.png|400px]]

Greenland and Antarctica are ice sheets (or continental glaciers). If they were to completely melt, they will cause the sea level to rise by 7
metres for Greenland and 54 metres for Antarctica. During the last ice age, ice sheets were so much larger that the sea level was 120 metres lower than today.
</center>

== Explanation==
These illustrations represent the gain or loss of mass of the caps, indicated in centimetres of water per year (cm of water/year) and measured gravimetrically. In blue the mass gain (because it snows more) and in red the losses (glaciers flow faster towards the ocean).

== Definition ==
An ice cap (or ice sheet) is a continental-scale mass of land ice, thick enough (between 1,600 and 6 400 m thick<ref>[https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ice-sheet/ National Geographic Resource Library]</ref>) that covers most of the underlying rock formations. There are currently only two major ice sheets, one in Greenland and one in Antarctica.<ref>[https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SummaryVolume_FINAL_FRENCH.pdf IPCC, 2013: Glossary (Planton, S. (coord.)). P.196. (French)]</ref>

We will speak here of melting of the ice caps when the total mass of ice has decreased over the period under consideration, whatever the processes involved.

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
=== Consequences ===
*[[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Rising Sea Levels]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_42_weakening_gulf_stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]

== To go further ==

=== Numbers ===
Between 2006 and 2015, the loss of ice from the ice caps is:

* 278 billion tonnes per year for Greenland
* 155 billion tonnes per year for the Antarctic<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/03_SROCC_SPM_FINAL.pdf#page=6 IPCC, Special report on cryosphere and oceans]</ref>.

For some great graphics that illustrate Earth's ice loss, check out [http://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/CryoSat/Our_world_is_losing_ice_at_record_rate this article from ESA].

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_19_fonte_des_calottes_glaciaires]]

En-en adult card 17 increase in water temperature

2021-10-30T15:49:04Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #17: Rising Water Temperatures ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_17_front.png|400px]]

Oceans absorb 91% of the energy accumulated on Earth. The water temperature has therefore increased, especially close to the surface. Water expands as it warms.

</center>

== Explanation==
The ocean is warming by only about a tenth of a degree at the surface and even less under water. Why so little when it absorbs 93% of the excess energy on Earth? This is because it is much larger than the atmosphere and it has a much greater calorific capacity.

To measure this, you need to remember that the ocean covers 71% of the Earth's surface and that it has a depth of 4000 m on average. The atmosphere extends over a greater height, but if brought it back to the same density as water, it would only be 10 m thick. (That's why we gain one atmosphere of pressure every 10 m when we dive.)

The water expands very little. How can warming the ocean by a tenth of a degree result in a rise in the water level? A first answer is that the ocean is 4000 m deep on average, so a very small expansion is enough to amount to a few centimetres.

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Rising Sea Levels]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_27_marine_biodiversity|Marine Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]

==Wrong links==
===Wrong consequences===
*[[En-en adult card 24 ocean acidification|Ocean acidification]] The increase of water temperature is not linked to ocean acidification, at least for the time being. In the long term (over several centuries), as it heats up, the water will lose its capacity to dissolve atmospheric CO2 and will become less efficient as a carbon sink. So the increase in water temperature will inhibit, to some extent, ocean acidification.

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_17_hausse_température_eau]]

En-en adult card 16 melting of glaciers

2021-10-30T15:47:29Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #16: Melting Glaciers ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_16_front.png|400px]]

Almost all glaciers have receded, and hundreds of them have already disappeared. Glaciers are important because they regulate and provide freshwater.

</center>

== Definition==
A glacier is a large body of ice and snow. It forms because the snow in an area does not all melt in summer […] A glacier only moves about 50 metres (160 ft) per year. New snowfalls replace the parts that flow away<ref>[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier Wikipedia simple definition]</ref>.

The melting of a glacier will be referred to here when the total mass of ice has decreased over the period under consideration, regardless of the processes involved.

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
=== Consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 22 sea level rise|Rising Sea Levels]] A melting of 100 gigatons of ice per year is equivalent to about 0.28 mm per year of mean sea level rise<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/WG1AR5_SPM_brochure_fr.pdf IPCC Report 2013 - Summary for Policymakers p7 (French)]</ref>. Thus, 15 to 35% of sea level rise is linked to the melting of glaciers, according the IPCC scenarios. 30% to 35% is linked to the expansion of water. The remainder is linked to the melting of the ice caps.

* [[En-en adult card 31 freshwater resources|Freshwater Resources]] Melting glaciers threaten water supplies. Indeed, the relative importance of glacier melt water in summer can be considerable, contributing for example to 25% of August flows in the basins draining the European Alps, with an area of about 105 km2 and only 1% glacial cover<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap3_FINAL.pdf Freshwater Report 3.4.3 Glaciers, p243]</ref>. Their disappearance could be catastrophic for cities located in valleys watered by rivers flowing down from the surrounding mountains and for freshwater fauna. Glacier meltwater also increases in importance during [[En-en adult card 30 droughts|droughts]] and [[En-en adult card 36 heat waves|heat waves]].

== Other possible links ==

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 26 river flooding|River flooding]] It is possible, in certain circumstances of high heat, that very fast rapid melting of glaciers may cause flooding. But the real concern about these glaciers is that they are gradually disappearing, depriving downstream irrigation of a top-up in summer.

== To go further ==

=== Observation ===
According to the IPCC, glaciers around the world are losing mass: about 220 Gigatons per year between 2006 and 2015<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/ Special Report on Ocean and Cryosphere in the Context of Climate Change - Summary for Decision Makers - Observed Changes and Impacts]</ref>.

For some great graphics that illustrate Earth's ice loss, check out [http://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/CryoSat/Our_world_is_losing_ice_at_record_rate this article from ESA].

=== Projections ===
In the future, by 2100, glaciers could lose around 18 ± 7% (scenario RCP2.6) or even 36 ± 11% (scenario RCP8.5) (average confidence index). These average values conceal large regional disparities: again according to the CPR8.5 scenario, up to 80% of the ice mass could disappear in areas with "small glaciers" (Central Europe, Caucasus, North Asia, Scandinavia, tropical Andes, Mexico, East Africa, Indonesia, etc.). (average confidence index). In these regions, many glaciers are very likely to disappear regardless of future GHG emissions<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/ Special Report on Ocean and Cryosphere in the Context of Climate Change - Summary for Decision Makers - Projected Changes and Risks]</ref> (very high confidence index).

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_16_fonte_des_glaciers]]

En-en adult card 22 sea level rise

2021-10-30T15:46:51Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #22: Rising Sea Levels ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_22_front.png|400px]]

Since 1900, sea levels have risen by 20 cm. This is caused by the thermal expansion of ocean waters and the melting of glaciers and ice sheets.

</center>

== Explanation==
It is important to note that the forecasts for the rise in water levels are very conservative. Some phenomena, understood qualitatively but not quantitatively, are simply not quantified in the IPCC report.

This is the case for moulins, for example. Moulins, or glacier mills, are shafts that carry melted water from the surface of a glacier or an ice sheet down to the bedrock. Once the water enters these passages, it lubricates the contact between the bedrock and the ice sheet, making it easier for the glaciers to drift towards the sea.

The figures for sea level rise will therefore most likely be revised upwards in future reports.

For the US, you can use the [https://coast.noaa.gov/slr/ Sea Level Rise Viewer] to show the extent of the phenomenon.

==Correction==
===Causes===
*[[En-en_adult_card_16_melting_of_glaciers|Melting Glaciers]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting Ice Sheets]]

===Consequences===
*[[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]

==Wrong links ==

===Wrong causes===

*[[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting Sea Ice]] is not responsible for the rise of sea levels. More information on the [[Link Melting of sea ice Sea level rise|link explanation page]].

==To go further==

===Key points===

*Water hardly expands. How can ocean warming of a tenth of a degree result in a rise of the water level? The quick answer is that the ocean is 4,000 metres deep on average, so a very slight expansion is enough to make it a few centimetres deeper. A more complete answer is to talk about water's expansion coefficient. It happens to depend on the temperature. Between 0 and 4°C, it is negative, i.e. the water contracts when it warms up. This value of 4°C is precisely the value of the temperature at the bottom of many lakes. This is logical because water that is either colder or warmer is lighter than water at 4°C. It is at 4°C that the water is the densest, so it ends up at the bottom. If we look at the temperature of the ocean, over all latitudes and at all depths, it varies for the most part between 0°C and 10°C, with an average value probably around 4°C. So in theory, around this value, the expansion coefficient is zero. So how much can the ocean expand? In reality, it is in areas where the water temperature is higher that the ocean expands. When the water reaches 20°C, or even much higher temperatures, several tens of metres deep, then there is reason to see water dilation in these areas. We can then imagine how difficult it is to calculate the rise in the water level: to do so, we need to know with great precision the distribution of water temperatures, including at depth, and also to know the temperature rise in certain areas.
*Another important point: the rise in water levels is due both to an increase in its mass (melting of glaciers and ice caps) and to an increase in volume (expansion of water). This increase in water volume is not homogenous: it takes place in areas where water expands, i.e. in warm areas. The water level is not horizontal! Hot water floats in relation to cold water, it's just that we rarely have the opportunity to check it.
*The melting of the cryosphere (ice caps and glaciers) has become the dominant factor in sea level rise<ref>Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Conference in Lyon, 58'51 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73qkhnhbyGI&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73qkhnhbyGI&feature=youtu.be (French)]</ref>.

===Numbers===
About 11% of the world's population lives below 10 metres, and these areas produce 14% of domestic products<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/11_SROCC_CCB9-LLIC_FINAL.pdf#page=2 IPCC, Special report on cryosphere and oceans]</ref>.

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_22_montée_des_eaux]]

En-en adult card 41 permafrost

2021-10-30T15:45:37Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #41: Permafrost ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_41_front.png|400px]]

Permafrost is permanently frozen ground. It is starting to melt, releasing into the atmosphere previously locked-in methane and CO2 from decomposed biomass. This creates a negative feedback loop, just like forest fires and albedo changes due to melting sea ice.

</center>

==Explanation==
Permafrost is soil that is permanently frozen for at least two consecutive years<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/WG1AR5_SummaryVolume_FINAL_FRENCH.pdf#page=212 Glossary, Report 5, Working Group 1 (French)]</ref>.

The two last cards to be added to the Fresk after card 40 are potentially violent [[wikipedia:Climate_change_feedback|feedback]] loops or "climate bombs" which, if triggered, would cause us to lose control over the climate for good.

Thermokarst are veritable bioreactors at the heart of the process of releasing frozen carbon: when the permafrost thaws, pieces of soil detach and fall into the water, bringing nutrients and carbon to the bacteria and plankton present in the sea, which degrade them into CO2 (in the water layers near the surface) and methane (CH4 -- in the oxygen-deprived depths)<ref>[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/pergelisol-le-piege-climatique CNRS The newspaper Permafrost, the climate trap (French)]</ref>.

==Correction ==
===Causes===
*[[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
===Consequences===
*[[En-en_adult_card_9_other_ghgs|Other GHGs]]
==Other possible links==
===Other causes===
*[[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy budget]] If we take the idea of energy conservation all the way, we can link the thawing permafrost back to the energy budget.

===Other consequences===
* [[En-en adult card 13 additional greenhouse effect|Additional greenhouse effect]] The permafrost card can be linked either to Other GHGs or to Additional Greenhouse Effect. The Other GHGs card is about GHGs emitted by human activities, while the methane in permafrost is not of human origin.
*[[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] Permafrost contains billions of buried bacteria and viruses. If it melts, diseases might contaminate humans and animals. In 2016, there was an [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36951542 outbreak of anthrax] caused by a melted reindeer carcass.

==To go further==
For online murals, you can show this [https://youtu.be/YegdEOSQotE?t=82 video] from the University of Alaska Fairbanks showing the flammable methane stored in the permafrost.

Climate Action Network France: [https://reseauactionclimat.org/carbone-degel-pergelisol-rechauffement-climatique/ Thawing permafrost carbon will increase global warming], 2018 (French)

RT France documentary: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUIYnuoD8To The mystery of permafrost] (French)

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_41_permafrost]]

En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity

2021-10-30T15:44:32Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #25: Terrestrial Biodiversity ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_25_front.png|400px]]

Animals and plants are affected by the changes in temperature and the disruption of the water cycle. They may migrate or go extinct. Some may thrive and proliferate.

</center>

== Explanation==
Today, the Earth's biodiversity is being undermined above all by factors other than climate change, such as deforestation, disappearance of natural habitats, use of pesticides and various forms of pollution. However, climate change will largely contribute to the disappearance of species in the coming decades.

== Facilitation advice ==
Very often this card is equated with animal biodiversity. However, it refers to both plant and animal biodiversity. If the participants only talk about animal diversity, it may be interesting to ask them to define what they call biodiversity.

== Correction ==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
=== Consequences ===
*[[En-en_adult_card_28_vectors_of_disease|Vectors of Disease]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]

== Other possible links ==
=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 8 agriculture|Agriculture]] Pesticides (especially Round-up or neonicotinoids) come to mind here. No link with the climate, but an interesting link to make.

* [[En-en adult card 6 deforestation|Deforestation]] Deforestation causes a huge loss of biodiversity<ref>[http://www.fao.org/3/ca8642en/CA8642EN.pdf#page=18 ''The State of the World’s Forests 2020, Executive Summary'', FAO]</ref>. To animal biodiversity because forests are hosts to many species. The forest biodiversity index fell by 53% between 1970 and 2014. And also to plant biodiversity, as 8,000 of the 60,000 known tree species are considered endangered.

* [[En-en adult card 27 marine biodiversity|Marine biodiversity]] The two types of biodiversity can interact with each other.

=== Other consequences ===
* [[En-en adult card 27 marine biodiversity|Marine biodiversity]] The two types of biodiversity can interact with each other.

== Wrong links==
===Wrong consequences===
*[[En-en adult card 8 agriculture|Agriculture]] It would be more logical to link to agricultural yields.

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_25_biodiversité_terrestre]]

En-en scientific part

2021-10-30T15:41:42Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

This part takes between an hour and an hour and a half, and sees the players place the 42 game cards.
==Gameplay==
During this phase, the players need to connect the cards from causes to consequences. The cards are uncovered in batches, once the facilitator has ensured that the cards of the previous batch are correctly placed. There are five batches of cards:
*The [[En-en adult batch 1|first batch]] starts off the game with a very simple and almost linear sequence showing the origin of global heating, in order to demonstrate how the game works and, also, to make clear that mistakes are beneficial to the learning process, if the players fall in the melting sea ice trap.
*The [[En-en adult batch 2|second batch]] illustrates the different types of human activity and briefly covers carbon sink
*The [[En-en adult batch 3|third batch]] contains the physics part of the Fresk. This batch can be the most difficult for new facilitators and is much easier in the [[En-en simplified version|simplified version]].
*The [[En-en adult batch 4|fourth batch]] highlights observable climate-related natural disasters and consequences on the oceans.
*The [[En-en adult batch 5|last batch]] shows other climate-related natural disasters, as well as the four human impact cards.
==Facilitation advice==
===Facilitating several tables at once===
When the workshop is spread over several tables, the facilitator needs to move from one table to the next. Staggering the kick-off for each table is a way to ensure that when the facilitator is explaining to one table, the others are busy thinking and not waiting.
===Helping the players find the answers===
The players often have questions, but even more often the answers are on the cards. In this cas, invite the group to reread certain cards, rather than give them the answer. This will help them memorise the answer. If the answer is not on the cards, you can explain, but be careful not to fall into a long discussion and remind them that there will be a debate later on and that they can bring up their questions then.
===Placing the cards===
The 42 cards take up a lot of space on the table. One way to get things right is to ensure that the five cards [[En-en adult card 16 melting of glaciers|Melting glaciers]], [[En-en adult card 17 increase in water temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]], [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]], [[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting Ice Sheets]] and [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting Sea Ice]] are aligned in the middle.
===If a player is getting bored ===
If a player is showing strong signs of boredom during the fourth or the fifth batch, suggest that they start the creative part. This will reengage them, and also motivate the rest of the team to take part in the [[En-en creative part|creative part]].
===If a player is very shy===
If a player is showing interest but is struggling to be heard within the group, it can be a good idea to ask them the explain between batches. This will give them the opportunity to speak and should reengage them.
==Common mistakes==
===An over-present facilitator===
Sometimes the facilitator is too present. The facilitator should leave the players to think about the on-going batch and only come back when requested. This also makes it easier for the players to speak freely.

[[fr:Partie_intellectuelle]]

En-en adult card 41 permafrost

2021-10-30T15:39:08Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #41: Permafrost ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_41_front.png|400px]]

Permafrost is permanently frozen ground. It is starting to melt, releasing into the atmosphere previously locked-in methane and CO2 from decomposed biomass. This creates a negative feedback loop, just like forest fires and albedo changes due to melting sea ice.

</center>

==Explanation==
Permafrost is soil that is permanently frozen for at least two consecutive years<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/WG1AR5_SummaryVolume_FINAL_FRENCH.pdf#page=212 Glossary, Report 5, Working Group 1 (French)]</ref>.

The two last cards to be added to the Fresk after card 40 are potentially violent [[wikipedia:Climate_change_feedback|feedback]] loops or "climate bombs" which, if triggered, would cause us to lose control over the climate for good.

Thermokarst are veritable bioreactors at the heart of the process of releasing frozen carbon: when the permafrost thaws, pieces of soil detach and fall into the water, bringing nutrients and carbon to the bacteria and plankton present in the sea, which degrade them into CO2 (in the water layers near the surface) and methane (CH4 -- in the oxygen-deprived bottom)<ref>[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/pergelisol-le-piege-climatique CNRS The newspaper Permafrost, the climate trap (French)]</ref>.

==Correction ==
===Causes===
*[[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
===Consequences===
*[[En-en_adult_card_9_other_ghgs|Other GHGs]]
==Other possible links==
===Other causes===
*[[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy budget]] If we take the idea of energy conservation all the way, we can link the thawing of permafrost and [[En-en adult card 42 methane hydrates|methane hydrates]] back to the energy budget.

===Other consequences===
* [[En-en adult card 13 additional greenhouse effect|Additional greenhouse effect]] The permafrost card can be linked either to Other GHGs or to Additional Greenhouse Effect. The Other GHGs card is about GHGs emitted by human activities, while the methane in permafrost is not of human origin.
*[[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] Permafrost contains billions of buried bacteria and viruses. If it melts, diseases might contaminate humans and animals. In 2016, there was an [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36951542 outbreak of anthrax] caused by a melted reindeer carcass.

==To go further==
For online murals, you can show this [https://youtu.be/YegdEOSQotE?t=82 video] from the University of Alaska Fairbanks showing the flammable methane stored in the permafrost.

Climate Action Network France: [https://reseauactionclimat.org/carbone-degel-pergelisol-rechauffement-climatique/ Thawing permafrost carbon will increase global warming], 2018 (French)

RT France documentary: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUIYnuoD8To The mystery of permafrost] (French)

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_41_permafrost]]

En-en adult card 36 heat waves

2021-10-30T15:38:28Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #36: Heatwaves ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_36_front.png|400px]]

One consequence of higher temperatures is more frequent heatwaves.

</center>

==Explanation==
A heat wave is a meteorological phenomenon of abnormally high air temperatures, day and night, lasting from a few days to a few weeks, over a relatively large area.

==Facilitation advice==
This card can have a very strong potential for impact because heat waves occur in developed countries and players will have direct experience of their increase in frequency. With this card, we can highlight the fact that climate change is a global problem that does not only affect the poorest people.

== Correction==
===Causes===
*[[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
===Consequences===
*[[En-en_adult_card_35_forest_fires|Forest Fires]]

==Other possible links==

===Other consequences===
*[[En-en adult card 30 droughts|Droughts]] Heatwaves can cause droughts. They often go together.
*[[En-en adult card 38 human health|Human health]] Heat waves can be devastating, especially for the elderly.

==To go further==

===France===
One hundred and sixteen scientists concluded, in a study published by the American Geophysical Union, that the 2016 heat wave (the warmest ever recorded so far) was "only made possible by significant anthropogenic warming".

The European heat wave of June 2019 is quite intense but only lasted a week. This heat wave is especially remarkable for its earliness; in fact it takes place at the beginning of the summer, at the end of June. During this heatwave, the national heat record was broken on 28 June with 46.0°C in city of Vérargues<ref>[https://usbeketrica.com/article/climat-temperatures-invivables-atteintes-plus-tot-que-prevu Usbek & Rica Unsustainable temperatures earlier than expected (French)]</ref>.

The European heatwave at the end of July 2019 reaches its peak on Thursday 25 July. Temperatures have never been so high in the South-West, which recorded 25.4°C at the coolest part of the night<ref>[https://www.francetvinfo.fr/meteo/canicule/direct-canicule-chaleur-record-temperatures-chaud-nuit-vigilance-rouge-orange-secheresse_3550559.html France Info Record temperatures vigilance red (French)]</ref>. In Paris, the night of 24 July was the third hottest night since temperatures were recorded, with 25°C at the coolest part of the night. The record was set in August 2003 at 25.5°C. The heat wave hit the area very hard with 20 departments on red alert and 60 on orange alert on Thursday 25 July. Paris broke its absolute temperature record on that day with 42.6°C recorded at 4.32 p.m.<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/paris-bat-son-record-absolu-de-chaleur-avec-410c-ce-jeudi-a-13h42-20190725 Le Figaro Paris beats its absolute heat record (French)]</ref>

===United States===
Heat waves are the deadliest weather phenomenon in the United States<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/epirev/article/24/2/190/535042 Oxford Academic ''Relation between Elevated Ambient Temperature and Mortality: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence'']</ref>. Between 1992 and 2001, heat-related deaths were more than 2,190 compared with 880 deaths from floods and 150 deaths from hurricanes. Each summer more than 6,000 people are hospitalised in the United States because of the heat, which hits people unevenly. On average, households earning less than $37,000 per year are twice as affected as households earning more than $60,000<ref>[https://www.newswise.com/articles/most-people-struck-down-by-summer-heat-are-poor Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) ''Most People Struck Down by Summer Heat Are Poor'']</ref>.

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_36_canicules]]

En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle

2021-10-30T15:37:29Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Other consequences */

== Card #20: Disruption of the Water Cycle ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_20_front.png|400px]]

Hotter oceans and a hotter atmosphere lead to stronger evaporation, causing rainclouds and rainfall. Hotter land and a hotter atmosphere also lead to
stronger evaporation, this time causing the ground to dry out.

</center>

== Explanation ==
This card is important. It alone shows why we used to talk about global warming and now about climate change.

Temperature increase is in itself a problem, but you can see on the Fresk at the end that disruption of the water cycle has much more effect.

== Facilitation advice ==
To illustrate that evaporation takes place at the surface of the water, place cards [[En-en_adult_card 17_increase_in water_temperature|17]] and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|21]] on the table, place the lower edge of card 21 against the upper edge of card 17, then place card 20 at the boundary of the two, perpendicularly, to mark the surface of the water (between water and air).

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]

=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 6 deforestation|Deforestation]] Vegetation retains water. When it is cut down, the risk of flooding increases.

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting of ice sheets]] It's a bit technical, but the blue part of the map of Antarctica on card 19 represents a gain in mass due to an increase of precipitations. The red part represents a loss in mass. In total, Antarctica is losing mass.
* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The Vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]].

== Wrong links==
=== Wrong causes===

* [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting Sea Ice]] The melting of the Arctic ice pack, but also the melting of Greenland's glaciers may lead, in the distant future, to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation (which gives rise to the Gulf Stream). But the "Water Cycle" card does not refer at all to thermohaline circulation.

=== Wrong consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 22 sea level rise|Rising Sea Levels]] No, more rain is not going to cause the oceans to overflow! This is a rare mistake to be made, but if it happens to you, ask the players where rainclouds come from...

== To go further ==

=== El Niño===
[https://www.oce.global/en/resources/videos/clim-el-nino Explanatory video from OCE on El Niño]

===Popularisation===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqMmRdsK5WM The Mystery of the Expansion of the Tropics (French)]

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_20_perturbation_cycle_eau]]

En-en adult card 32 decline agricultural yields

2021-10-30T15:36:18Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #32: Decline in Agricultural Yields ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_32_front.png|400px]]

Food production can be affected by temperature, droughts, extreme weather events, floods and marine submersion (e.g. the Nile Delta).

</center>

== Explanation==
This is one of the greatest threats to humanity. Declines in agricultural yields have already led to conflicts in Rwanda and Syria.

==Facilitation advice==
===Local or global impacts===
It may be interesting to differentiate between local and global causes. Local causes are:

*[[En-en adult card 26 river flooding|River Flooding]]
*[[En-en adult card 30 droughts|Droughts]]
*[[En-en adult card 33 marine submersion|Marine Submersion]]
*[[En-en adult card 34 cyclones|Cyclones]]
*[[En-en adult card 35 forest fires|Forest Fires]]

More global causes are:

*[[En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle|Disruption of the water cycle]]
*[[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial biodiversity]]
*[[En-en adult card 31 freshwater resources|Freshwater resources]]

==Correction==
===Causes===
*[[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]
===Consequences===
*[[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Hunger]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks|Carbon sinks]] Studies have shown that yields increase with increased CO2, but that the nutrient content of vegetables is reduced. Indeed, trace elements do not become more abundant when yields increase.

== Wrong links ==
=== Wrong consequences ===
*[[En-en adult card 8 agriculture|Agriculture]] Yes, the yield decline does affect agriculture, but the agriculture card is here to stand for one of the causes of GHG emissions.

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_32_baisse_rendements_agricoles]]

En-en adult batch 3

2021-10-30T15:34:35Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

{{Batch
|num=3
|game=Adult
}}

This batch is about the physics behind climate change. It's the most complicated batch and takes the most time. The recommended duration is '''20 minutes''' for the full version of the game.

==Cards==
*[[En-en adult card 10 aerosols|Aerosols]]
*[[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]]
*[[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|Radiative Forcing]]
*[[En-en adult card 16 melting of glaciers|Melting Glaciers]]
*[[En-en adult card 17 increase in water temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
*[[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting Ice Sheets]]
*[[En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]

==Facilitation advice==
*For the [[En-en simplified version|simplified version]], don't forget to remove the [[En-en adult card 10 aerosols|Aerosols]], [[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]] and [[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|Radiative Forcing]] cards.
*The cards following the energy budget should be near the middle of the sheet. Don't hesitate to ask the players to move the cards around to make space.
*It is often useful to ask the players what the differences are between the three types of ice.
*Once this batch has been corrected, you can ask the players to draw in arrows in pencil.

==Correction advice==
Most of the time, batch 3 will be wrong. The connection between [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]] and [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting Sea Ice]] established in batch 1 does not help to understand how the [[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]] leads to the five other cards. Very often, the temperature rises of water and air are seen as consequences of the energy budget. To correct this, the following is a good method:
*Ask the players to define radiative forcing with their own words. If the definition is correct, move on. Otherwise, suggest a metaphore to illustrate it.
*Ask them what the consequence of radiative forcing is. The answer is the energy budget.
*Ask them how the excess energy is distributed. The players will realise that the ice melting are on the same plane as the temperature rises and therefore will make the connections.

==Correction==

[[File:En_en_Adult_Batch_3.png|1000px]]

Once the batch is finished and any questions have been answered, move on to [[En-en adult batch 4|batch 4]].

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_lot_3]]

En-en adult card 14 energy budget

2021-10-30T15:31:41Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Full version */

== Card #14: Energy Budget ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_14_front.png|400px]]

This graph explains where the energy accumulated on Earth due to radiative forcing goes. It warms up the ocean, melts ice, dissipates into the ground and warms up the atmosphere.

</center>

== Explanation ==
On the graph, you can see several colours that represent, from top to bottom:

* In light blue, the upper layer of the ocean, between 0 and 700m
* In dark blue, the lower layer of the ocean, between 700m and 2000m
* In white, the different types of ice
* In orange, the soil
* In purple, the atmosphere.

The dotted lines represent uncertainty.

== Facilitation advice ==

=== Simplified version ===
This card can be removed for the simplified version, at the same time as the [[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|radiative forcing]] and [[En-en adult card 10 aerosols|aerosols]].

=== Full version ===
If you choose to keep this card, you need to remember the first principle of thermodynamics: energy is conserved. Players may draw links from Energy budget to [[En-en adult card 17 increase in water temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]] and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|TRising Air Temperatures], then links from [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]] to [[En-en adult card 16 melting of glaciers|Melting glaciers]] and [[En-en adult card 17 increase in water temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]] to [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting Sea Ice]] and [[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting Ice Sheets]]. By doing this, they consider that the air and water warm up, and then they melt the pack ice, glaciers and ice caps. But if a calorie has passed through the water and finally contributes to melting the pack ice from below, then it is no longer in the water.

=== Explanation advice ===
A tip to simplify the explanation of this card is to rename the following cards. An increase in temperature is an increase in energy, and melting is also an increase in energy. The five cards then become Increase in the energy level of water, air, sea ice... And the players will understand that these five cards have to be put at the same level. So if a calorie that is in the water contributes to melting the pack ice, once the pack ice has melted, this calorie is no longer in the water. The water has cooled down. In this case, should the calorie be counted in the "ocean" or "melting ice" part? Answer: in the melting part of the ice. You can't count this calorie twice.

== Correction==
===Causes===
*[[En-en_adult_card_15_radiative_forcing|Radiative forcing]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_42_weakening_gulf_stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]

=== Consequences ===
*[[En-en_adult_card_16_melting_of_glaciers|Melting glaciers]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_18_melting_of_sea_ice|Melting Sea Ice]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting Ice Sheets]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 41 permafrost|Permafrost]] If we take the idea of energy conservation all the way, we can link the energy budget to the thawing of permafrost.

== To go further ==

=== Figures ===
Oceans cover 71% of the earth's surface, with an average depth of 4 km. If air were reduced to the same density as water, its height would be 10m. The ocean has a very high density, which explains why it absorbs most of the energy related to GHGs emitted by man.

=== Videos ===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFT5Mx0eK3U&feature=youtu.be Video presentation of the map by Rodolphe Meyer (French)]

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_14_budget_énergétique]]

En-en adult batch 3

2021-10-30T15:29:41Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Cartes */

{{Batch
|num=3
|game=Adult
}}

This batch is about the physics behind climate change. It's the most complicated batch and takes the most time. The recommended duration is '''20 minutes''' for the full version of the game.

==Cards==
*[[En-en adult card 10 aerosols|Aerosols]]
*[[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]]
*[[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|Radiative Forcing]]
*[[En-en adult card 16 melting of glaciers|Melting Glaciers]]
*[[En-en adult card 17 increase in water temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
*[[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting Ice Sheets]]
*[[En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]

==Facilitation advice==
*For the [[En-en simplified version|simplified version]], don't forget to remove the [[En-en adult card 10 aerosols|Aerosols]], [[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]] and [[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|Radiative Forcing]] cards.
*The cards following the energy budget should be near the middle of the sheet. Don't hesitate to ask the players to move the cards around to make space.
*It is often useful to ask the players what the differences are between the three types of ice.
*Once this batch has been corrected, you can ask the players to draw in arrows in pencil.

==Correction advice==
Most of the time, batch 3 will be wrong. The connection between [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Temperature Rise]] and [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting of sea ice]] established in batch 1 does not help to understand how the [[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]] leads to the five other cards. Very often, the temperature rises of water and air are seen as consequences of the energy budget. To correct this, the following is a good method:
*Ask the players to define radiative forcing with their own words. If the definition is correct, move on. Otherwise, suggest a metaphore to illustrate it.
*Ask them what the consequence of radiative forcing is. The answer is the energy budget.
*Ask them how the excess energy is distributed. The players will realise that the ice melting are on the same plane as the temperature rises and therefore will make the connections.

==Correction==

[[File:En_en_Adult_Batch_3.png|1000px]]

Once the batch is finished and any questions have been answered, move on to [[En-en adult batch 4|batch 4]].

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_lot_3]]

En-en adult batch 3

2021-10-30T15:29:32Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Cartes */

{{Batch
|num=3
|game=Adult
}}

This batch is about the physics behind climate change. It's the most complicated batch and takes the most time. The recommended duration is '''20 minutes''' for the full version of the game.

==Cartes==
*[[En-en adult card 10 aerosols|Aerosols]]
*[[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]]
*[[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|Radiative Forcing]]
*[[En-en adult card 16 melting of glaciers|Melting Glaciers]]
*[[En-en adult card 17 increase in water temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
*[[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting Ice Sheets]]
*[[En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]

==Facilitation advice==
*For the [[En-en simplified version|simplified version]], don't forget to remove the [[En-en adult card 10 aerosols|Aerosols]], [[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]] and [[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|Radiative Forcing]] cards.
*The cards following the energy budget should be near the middle of the sheet. Don't hesitate to ask the players to move the cards around to make space.
*It is often useful to ask the players what the differences are between the three types of ice.
*Once this batch has been corrected, you can ask the players to draw in arrows in pencil.

==Correction advice==
Most of the time, batch 3 will be wrong. The connection between [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Temperature Rise]] and [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting of sea ice]] established in batch 1 does not help to understand how the [[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]] leads to the five other cards. Very often, the temperature rises of water and air are seen as consequences of the energy budget. To correct this, the following is a good method:
*Ask the players to define radiative forcing with their own words. If the definition is correct, move on. Otherwise, suggest a metaphore to illustrate it.
*Ask them what the consequence of radiative forcing is. The answer is the energy budget.
*Ask them how the excess energy is distributed. The players will realise that the ice melting are on the same plane as the temperature rises and therefore will make the connections.

==Correction==

[[File:En_en_Adult_Batch_3.png|1000px]]

Once the batch is finished and any questions have been answered, move on to [[En-en adult batch 4|batch 4]].

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_lot_3]]

En-en adult batch 3

2021-10-30T15:29:18Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Cartes */

{{Batch
|num=3
|game=Adult
}}

This batch is about the physics behind climate change. It's the most complicated batch and takes the most time. The recommended duration is '''20 minutes''' for the full version of the game.

==Cartes==
*[[En-en adult card 10 aerosols|Aerosols]]
*[[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]]
*[[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|Radiative Forcing]]
*[[En-en adult card 16 melting of glaciers|Melting Glaciers]]
*[[En-en adult card 17 increase in water temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
*[[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting of Ice Sheets]]
*[[En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]

==Facilitation advice==
*For the [[En-en simplified version|simplified version]], don't forget to remove the [[En-en adult card 10 aerosols|Aerosols]], [[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]] and [[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|Radiative Forcing]] cards.
*The cards following the energy budget should be near the middle of the sheet. Don't hesitate to ask the players to move the cards around to make space.
*It is often useful to ask the players what the differences are between the three types of ice.
*Once this batch has been corrected, you can ask the players to draw in arrows in pencil.

==Correction advice==
Most of the time, batch 3 will be wrong. The connection between [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Temperature Rise]] and [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting of sea ice]] established in batch 1 does not help to understand how the [[En-en adult card 14 energy budget|Energy Budget]] leads to the five other cards. Very often, the temperature rises of water and air are seen as consequences of the energy budget. To correct this, the following is a good method:
*Ask the players to define radiative forcing with their own words. If the definition is correct, move on. Otherwise, suggest a metaphore to illustrate it.
*Ask them what the consequence of radiative forcing is. The answer is the energy budget.
*Ask them how the excess energy is distributed. The players will realise that the ice melting are on the same plane as the temperature rises and therefore will make the connections.

==Correction==

[[File:En_en_Adult_Batch_3.png|1000px]]

Once the batch is finished and any questions have been answered, move on to [[En-en adult batch 4|batch 4]].

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_lot_3]]

En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle

2021-10-30T15:28:52Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Wrong causes */

== Card #20: Disruption of the Water Cycle ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_20_front.png|400px]]

Hotter oceans and a hotter atmosphere lead to stronger evaporation, causing rainclouds and rainfall. Hotter land and a hotter atmosphere also lead to
stronger evaporation, this time causing the ground to dry out.

</center>

== Explanation ==
This card is important. It alone shows why we used to talk about global warming and now about climate change.

Temperature increase is in itself a problem, but you can see on the Fresk at the end that disruption of the water cycle has much more effect.

== Facilitation advice ==
To illustrate that evaporation takes place at the surface of the water, place cards [[En-en_adult_card 17_increase_in water_temperature|17]] and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|21]] on the table, place the lower edge of card 21 against the upper edge of card 17, then place card 20 at the boundary of the two, perpendicularly, to mark the surface of the water (between water and air).

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]

=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 6 deforestation|Deforestation]] Vegetation retains water. When it is cut down, the risk of flooding increases.

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting of ice sheets]] It's a bit technical, but the blue part of the map of Antarctica on card 19 represents a gain in mass due to an increase of precipitations. The red part represents a loss in mass. In total, Antarctica is losing mass.
* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The Vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]].

== Wrong links==
=== Wrong causes===

* [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting of Sea Ice]] The melting of the Arctic ice pack, but also the melting of Greenland's glaciers may lead, in the distant future, to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation (which gives rise to the Gulf Stream). But the "Water Cycle" card does not refer at all to thermohaline circulation.

=== Wrong consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 22 sea level rise|Sea level rise]] No, more rain is not going to cause the oceans to overflow! This is a rare mistake to be made, but if it happens to you, ask the players where rainclouds come from...

== To go further ==

=== El Niño===
[https://www.oce.global/en/resources/videos/clim-el-nino Explanatory video from OCE on El Niño]

===Popularisation===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqMmRdsK5WM The Mystery of the Expansion of the Tropics (French)]

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_20_perturbation_cycle_eau]]

En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle

2021-10-30T15:28:35Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Other consequences */

== Card #20: Disruption of the Water Cycle ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_20_front.png|400px]]

Hotter oceans and a hotter atmosphere lead to stronger evaporation, causing rainclouds and rainfall. Hotter land and a hotter atmosphere also lead to
stronger evaporation, this time causing the ground to dry out.

</center>

== Explanation ==
This card is important. It alone shows why we used to talk about global warming and now about climate change.

Temperature increase is in itself a problem, but you can see on the Fresk at the end that disruption of the water cycle has much more effect.

== Facilitation advice ==
To illustrate that evaporation takes place at the surface of the water, place cards [[En-en_adult_card 17_increase_in water_temperature|17]] and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|21]] on the table, place the lower edge of card 21 against the upper edge of card 17, then place card 20 at the boundary of the two, perpendicularly, to mark the surface of the water (between water and air).

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]

=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 6 deforestation|Deforestation]] Vegetation retains water. When it is cut down, the risk of flooding increases.

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting of ice sheets]] It's a bit technical, but the blue part of the map of Antarctica on card 19 represents a gain in mass due to an increase of precipitations. The red part represents a loss in mass. In total, Antarctica is losing mass.
* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The Vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]].

== Wrong links==
=== Wrong causes===

* [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting of Sea Ice]] The melting of the Arctic ice pack, but also the melting of Greenland's glaciers may lead, in the distant future, to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation (which gives rise to the Gulf Stream). But the "Water Cycle" card does not refer at all to the thermohaline circulation.

=== Wrong consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 22 sea level rise|Sea level rise]] No, more rain is not going to cause the oceans to overflow! This is a rare mistake to be made, but if it happens to you, ask the players where rainclouds come from...

== To go further ==

=== El Niño===
[https://www.oce.global/en/resources/videos/clim-el-nino Explanatory video from OCE on El Niño]

===Popularisation===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqMmRdsK5WM The Mystery of the Expansion of the Tropics (French)]

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_20_perturbation_cycle_eau]]

En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle

2021-10-30T15:28:22Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Causes */

== Card #20: Disruption of the Water Cycle ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_20_front.png|400px]]

Hotter oceans and a hotter atmosphere lead to stronger evaporation, causing rainclouds and rainfall. Hotter land and a hotter atmosphere also lead to
stronger evaporation, this time causing the ground to dry out.

</center>

== Explanation ==
This card is important. It alone shows why we used to talk about global warming and now about climate change.

Temperature increase is in itself a problem, but you can see on the Fresk at the end that disruption of the water cycle has much more effect.

== Facilitation advice ==
To illustrate that evaporation takes place at the surface of the water, place cards [[En-en_adult_card 17_increase_in water_temperature|17]] and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|21]] on the table, place the lower edge of card 21 against the upper edge of card 17, then place card 20 at the boundary of the two, perpendicularly, to mark the surface of the water (between water and air).

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]

=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 6 deforestation|Deforestation]] Vegetation retains water. When it is cut down, the risk of flooding increases.

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting of ice sheets]] It's a bit technical, but the blue part of the map of Antarctica on card 19 represents a gain in mass due to an increase of precipitations. The red part represents a loss in mass. In total, Antarctica is losing mass.
* [[En-en adult card 28 vectors of disease|Vectors of disease]] The Vectors of disease card is generally linked to the [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]] card because disease vectors are a sub-part of biodiversity, but it can also be linked to the same causes as the biodiversity card, i.e. Disruption of the Water Cycle and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Temperature Rise]].

== Wrong links==
=== Wrong causes===

* [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting of Sea Ice]] The melting of the Arctic ice pack, but also the melting of Greenland's glaciers may lead, in the distant future, to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation (which gives rise to the Gulf Stream). But the "Water Cycle" card does not refer at all to the thermohaline circulation.

=== Wrong consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 22 sea level rise|Sea level rise]] No, more rain is not going to cause the oceans to overflow! This is a rare mistake to be made, but if it happens to you, ask the players where rainclouds come from...

== To go further ==

=== El Niño===
[https://www.oce.global/en/resources/videos/clim-el-nino Explanatory video from OCE on El Niño]

===Popularisation===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqMmRdsK5WM The Mystery of the Expansion of the Tropics (French)]

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_20_perturbation_cycle_eau]]

En-en adult card 32 decline agricultural yields

2021-10-30T15:27:39Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Local or global impacts */

== Card #32: Decline in Agricultural Yields ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_32_front.png|400px]]

Food production can be affected by temperature, droughts, extreme weather events, floods and marine submersion (e.g. the Nile Delta).

</center>

== Explanation==
This is one of the greatest threats to humanity. Declines in agricultural yields have already led to conflicts in Rwanda and Syria.

==Facilitation advice==
===Local or global impacts===
It may be interesting to differentiate between local and global causes. Local causes are:

*[[En-en adult card 26 river flooding|River Flooding]]
*[[En-en adult card 30 droughts|Droughts]]
*[[En-en adult card 33 marine submersion|Marine Submersion]]
*[[En-en adult card 34 cyclones|Cyclones]]
*[[En-en adult card 35 forest fires|Forest Fires]]

More global causes are:

*[[En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle|Disruption of the water cycle]]
*[[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial biodiversity]]
*[[En-en adult card 31 freshwater resources|Freshwater resources]]

==Correction==
===Causes===
*[[En-en_adult_card_21_temperaturet_rise|Temperature Rise]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]
===Consequences===
*[[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Hunger]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks|Carbon sinks]] Studies have shown that yields increase with increased CO2, but that the nutrient content of vegetables is reduced. Indeed, trace elements do not become more abundant when yields increase.

== Wrong links ==
=== Wrong consequences ===
*[[En-en adult card 8 agriculture|Agriculture]] Yes, the yield decline does affect agriculture, but the agriculture card is here to stand for one of the causes of GHG emissions.

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_32_baisse_rendements_agricoles]]

En-en adult batch 1

2021-10-30T15:26:47Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Cards */

{{Batch
|num=1
|game=Adult
}}

The purpose of this batch is mainly to understand how the game works. The recommended duration is '''15 minutes'''.

==Cards==
*[[En-en adult card 1 human activities|Human activities]]
*[[En-en adult card 5 fossil fuels|Fossil fuels]]
*[[En-en adult card 7 co2 emissions|CO2 emissions]]
*[[En-en adult card 13 additional greenhouse effect|Additional Greenhouse Effect]]
*[[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting sea ice]]
*[[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
*[[En-en adult card 22 sea level rise|Rising Sea Levels]]

== Facilitation advice ==
* Make sure that the participants understand what the greenhouse effect is, and what "additional" means here.
* Make sure that the participants understand why the melting of sea ice does not cause the water to rise. If a participant really doesn't understand, we can explain to them that it is because of the rules of physics, in the same way as when we drop an object, it falls.

==Correction==
[[File:En Adult Batch 1.png|1000px]]

Once the batch is finished and any questions have been answered, move on to [[En-en adult batch 2|batch 2]].

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_lot_1]]

En-en adult card 14 energy budget

2021-10-30T15:24:08Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Consequences */

== Card #14: Energy Budget ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_14_front.png|400px]]

This graph explains where the energy accumulated on Earth due to radiative forcing goes. It warms up the ocean, melts ice, dissipates into the ground and warms up the atmosphere.

</center>

== Explanation ==
On the graph, you can see several colours that represent, from top to bottom:

* In light blue, the upper layer of the ocean, between 0 and 700m
* In dark blue, the lower layer of the ocean, between 700m and 2000m
* In white, the different types of ice
* In orange, the soil
* In purple, the atmosphere.

The dotted lines represent uncertainty.

== Facilitation advice ==

=== Simplified version ===
This card can be removed for the simplified version, at the same time as the [[En-en adult card 15 radiative forcing|radiative forcing]] and [[En-en adult card 10 aerosols|aerosols]].

=== Full version ===
If you choose to keep this card, you need to remember the first principle of thermodynamics: energy is conserved. Players may draw links from Energy budget to [[En-en adult card 17 increase in water temperature|Increase in Water Temperature]] and [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Temperature Rise]], then links from [[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Temperature Rise]] to [[En-en adult card 16 melting of glaciers|Melting of glaciers]] and [[En-en adult card 17 increase in water temperature|Increase in Water Temperature]] to [[En-en adult card 18 melting of sea ice|Melting of Sea Ice]] and [[En-en adult card 19 melting of ice sheets|Melting of Ice Sheets]]. By doing this, they consider that the air and water warm up, and then they melt the pack ice, glaciers and ice caps. But if a calorie has passed through the water and finally contributes to melting the pack ice from below, then it is no longer in the water.

=== Explanation advice ===
A tip to simplify the explanation of this card is to rename the following cards. An increase in temperature is an increase in energy, and melting is also an increase in energy. The five cards then become Increase in the energy level of water, air, sea ice... And the players will understand that these five cards have to be put at the same level. So if a calorie that is in the water contributes to melting the pack ice, once the pack ice has melted, this calorie is no longer in the water. The water has cooled down. In this case, should the calorie be counted in the "ocean" or "melting ice" part? Answer: in the melting part of the ice. You can't count this calorie twice.

== Correction==
===Causes===
*[[En-en_adult_card_15_radiative_forcing|Radiative forcing]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_42_weakening_gulf_stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]

=== Consequences ===
*[[En-en_adult_card_16_melting_of_glaciers|Melting glaciers]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_18_melting_of_sea_ice|Melting Sea Ice]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting Ice Sheets]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 41 permafrost|Permafrost]] If we take the idea of energy conservation all the way, we can link the energy budget to the thawing of permafrost.

== To go further ==

=== Figures ===
Oceans cover 71% of the earth's surface, with an average depth of 4 km. If air were reduced to the same density as water, its height would be 10m. The ocean has a very high density, which explains why it absorbs most of the energy related to GHGs emitted by man.

=== Videos ===
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFT5Mx0eK3U&feature=youtu.be Video presentation of the map by Rodolphe Meyer (French)]

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_14_budget_énergétique]]

En-en adult card 27 marine biodiversity

2021-10-30T15:21:52Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Consequences */

== Card #27: Marine Biodiversity ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_27_front.png|400px]]

Pteropods and coccolithophores are at the base of the ocean food chain. If they are driven to extinction, all marine biodiversity will be threatened.
Warming ocean waters also threaten marine biodiversity.

</center>

== Explanation==
For the moment, marine biodiversity is more endangered by overfishing than by climate change or acidification. But in the long term, these two phenomena will considerably increase their pressure. The FAO estimates that between 660 and 820 million people worldwide, about 10% of the world's population, are directly or indirectly dependent on fisheries and aquaculture.
== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Increase in Water Temperature]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_29_pteropods_and_coccolithophores|Pteropods and Coccolithophores]]
=== Consequences ===
*[[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Hunger]]

== Other possible links ==
=== Other causes ===
* [[En-en adult card 1 human activities|Human activities]] With this link, we can signify all the degradations that humankind is inflicting on marine life, such as plastic pollution and overfishing. This is irrelevant to the subject of climate change, but it is interesting to make the link anyway. If we are talking to an older audience, we can for example mention the size of sardine tins which has decreased because they don't have time to grow before they are fished.
* [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial biodiversity]] The two types of biodiversity can interact with each other.

=== Other consequences ===
* [[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial biodiversity]] The two types of biodiversity can interact with each other.

== To go further ==

=== Direct impact of human activities ===
Overfishing is the main cause of the disappearance of fish. Here are some numbers:

* Every year, between 1,000 and 2,700 billion fish are caught<ref>[http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens/2016/fishcount_estimates_list.php ''Fishcount estimates of numbers of individuals killed in (FAO) reported fishery production'', FishCount]</ref>. If humans were killed at the same rate, it would take only 37 hours to exterminate the human population.
* Plastic pollution kills 1.5 million marine animals<ref>[https://conserveturtles.org/information-sea-turtles-threats-marine-debris/ ''Information About Sea Turtles: Threats from Marine Debris'', Sea turtle Conservacy]</ref>, or 0.0001% of all fishing-related deaths.

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_27_biodiversité_marine]]

En-en adult card 32 decline agricultural yields

2021-10-30T15:18:19Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Consequences */

== Card #32: Decline in Agricultural Yields ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_32_front.png|400px]]

Food production can be affected by temperature, droughts, extreme weather events, floods and marine submersion (e.g. the Nile Delta).

</center>

== Explanation==
This is one of the greatest threats to humanity. Declines in agricultural yields have already led to conflicts in Rwanda and Syria.

==Facilitation advice==
===Local or global impacts===
It may be interesting to differentiate between local and global causes. Local causes are:

*[[En-en adult card 26 river flooding|River Flooding]]
*[[En-en adult card 30 droughts|Droughts]]
*[[En-en adult card 33 marine submersion|Marine Submersion]]
*[[En-en adult card 34 cyclones|Cyclones]]
*[[En-en adult card 35 forest fires|Forest Fires]]

More global causes are:

*[[En-en adult card 20 disruption water cycle|Disruption of the water cycle]]
*[[En-en adult card 21 temperature rise|Temperature rise]]
*[[En-en adult card 25 terrestrial biodiversity|Terrestrial biodiversity]]
*[[En-en adult card 31 freshwater resources|Freshwater resources]]
==Correction==
===Causes===
*[[En-en_adult_card_21_temperaturet_rise|Temperature Rise]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]
===Consequences===
*[[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Hunger]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 12 carbon sinks|Carbon sinks]] Studies have shown that yields increase with increased CO2, but that the nutrient content of vegetables is reduced. Indeed, trace elements do not become more abundant when yields increase.

== Wrong links ==
=== Wrong consequences ===
*[[En-en adult card 8 agriculture|Agriculture]] Yes, the yield decline does affect agriculture, but the agriculture card is here to stand for one of the causes of GHG emissions.

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_32_baisse_rendements_agricoles]]

En-en adult card 31 freshwater resources

2021-10-30T15:17:52Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Other consequences */

== Card #31: Freshwater Resources ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_31_front.png|400px]]

Freshwater resources are affected by changes in rainfall and by the melting of glaciers that regulate the flow of rivers.

</center>

== Explanation ==
The biggest issue here is the disappearance of the glaciers. They serve as reservoirs of fresh water in solid form and melt to supply downstream irrigation for crops.
== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_16_melting_of_glaciers|Melting of glaciers]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
=== Consequences ===
*[[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline Agricultural Yields]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 33 marine submersion|Marine Submersion]] If sea water rises, it can penetrate the water tables, which are freshwater reserves.

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 37 starvation|Hunger]] If we consider that hunger and famines are not only a lack of food but also a lack of water.
* [[En-en adult card 38 human health|Human health]] A lack of drinking water will have impacts on human health.

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_31_ressources_eau_douce]]

En-en adult card 39 climate refugees

2021-10-30T15:17:12Z

Karen Schmitt: /* Causes */

== Card #39: Climate Refugees ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_39_front.png|400px]]

Imagine that you live in a place that has been miraculously spared from climate change. Several billion people may wish to share this space with you.

</center>

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Hunger]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]

=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]

== Other possible causes ==
=== Other consequences===
*[[En-en adult card 38 human health|Human health]]

==To go further==

===Africa ===
In 2018, extreme climatic events such as droughts in Afghanistan, cyclone Gita in Samoa, floods in the Philippines led to numerous population displacements. According to the IDMC (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre) it is estimated that there will be more than 20 million climate refugees per year in the decade 2008-2018<ref>[https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries IDM ''Country displacement data'']</ref>.

From 2011 to 2012, cross-border movement of Somalis to Kenya and Ethiopia in a context of drought, food insecurity and starvation, while conflict and violence also prevail in south and central Somalia<ref>[https://www.unhcr.org/5c1ba88d4.pdf United Nations ''International protection in the context of nexus dynamics between conflict or violence and disaster or climate change'']</ref>.

Between 1984 and 1985 the Ethiopian government had to resettle several tens of thousands of people from drought-stricken areas.

===Asia and the Pacific===
Of the 10 countries with the largest share of their displaced population, 7 are Pacific or Caribbean islands.

A European Parliament report estimates that there are 200,000 climate refugees in Bangladesh<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/621893/EPRS_BRI(2018)621893_EN.pdf European Parliament ''The concept of 'climate refugee' Towards a possible definition'']</ref>.

Migration and Climate Change reports from the IOM (International Organization for Migration) of the United Nations :

*Cartaret Islands in Papua New Guinea,
*residents of the Lateu village in Vanuatu,
* the movements of the inhabitants of Shishmaref on the Sarichef ise in Alaska
*refugees linked to the flooding of Lohachara Island in the heart of the Hooghly River (a tributary of the Ganges River in India)

Note: for the moment, these four examples remain debatable as to their origins being linked to anthropogenic warming. However, future events are less and less debatable as the effects become more severe.

One in ten inhabitants of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu have had to migrate because of climate change<ref>[https://www.nanseninitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/OR_Human_Mobility_Natural_Disasters_and_Climate_Change_in_the_Pacific.pdf THE NANSEN INITIATIVE ''Human Mobility, Natural Disasters and Climate Change in the Pacific, 2013'']</ref>.

=== United States===
In 2003 the US Immigration Service temporarily (for 2 years) expanded the status of 80,000 refugees from Honduras who had to flee Hurricane Mitch.

==References==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_39_réfugiés_climatiques]]

En-en adult card 37 starvation

2021-10-30T15:16:34Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #37: Hunger ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_37_front.png|400px]]

Hunger can be caused by lower agricultural yields and by the loss of marine biodiversity.

</center>

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_27_marine_biodiversity|Marine Biodiversity]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline Agricultural Yields]]
=== Consequences ===
*[[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 31 freshwater resources|Freshwater resources]] if we consider that hunger and famines are not only a lack of food but also a lack of water.

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 40 armed conflicts|Armed conflicts]]

== To go further ==
12th March 2020: The Food and Agriculture Organization warns of a new locust invasion in Kenya in Somalia and Ethiopia (terrestrial biodiversity) that poses an unprecedented threat to food security (lower agricultural yields)<ref>[https://news.un.org/fr/story/2020/02/1061441 United Nations Horn of Africa: Worst locust invasion in decades (FAO) (French)]</ref>.

Decrease in the quantity of fruit trees in the Sahel<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-TS_FINAL.pdf AR5 WG2 IPCC, Food security in the Sahel (French)]</ref>.

Crop yields in South Asia declining despite technological improvements<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-TS_FINAL.pdf AR5 WG2 IPCC, ''medium confidence, minor contribution from climate change'']</ref>.

== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_37_famine]]

En-en adult card 42 weakening gulf stream

2021-10-30T15:15:20Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

== Card #42: Weakening Gulf Stream ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_42_front.png|400px]]

The Gulf Stream is part of the ocean's thermohaline circulation. It could weaken in response to freshwater input from Greenland's melting ice sheet. This could disrupt the water cycle even more and reduce the ocean's capacity to absorb more carbon and heat.
</center>

== Definition==

== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting Ice Sheets]]
=== Consequences ===
* [[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_12_carbon_sinks|Carbon Sinks]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
== Other possible links ==

=== Other consequences ===

== To go further ==

=== Observation ===

=== Projections ===
== References ==
<references />

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_42_ralentissement_du_gulf_stream]]

En-en adult card 31 freshwater resources

2021-10-30T15:10:27Z

Karen Schmitt: Structure change

== Card #31: Freshwater Resources ==
<center>

[[File:En-en_adult_card_31_front.png|400px]]

Freshwater resources are affected by changes in rainfall and by the melting of glaciers that regulate the flow of rivers.

</center>

== Explanation ==
The biggest issue here is the disappearance of the glaciers. They serve as reservoirs of fresh water in solid form and melt to supply downstream irrigation for crops.
== Correction==
===Causes===
* [[En-en_adult_card_16_melting_of_glaciers|Melting of glaciers]]
* [[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
=== Consequences ===
*[[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline Agricultural Yields]]
*[[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]

== Other possible links ==

=== Other causes ===

* [[En-en adult card 33 marine submersion|Marine Submersion]] If sea water rises, it can penetrate the water tables, which are freshwater reserves.

=== Other consequences ===

* [[En-en adult card 37 famines|Famines]] If we consider that starvation is not only a lack of food but also a lack of water.
* [[En-en adult card 38 human health|Human health]] A lack of drinking water will have impacts on human health.

[[fr:Fr-fr_adulte_carte_31_ressources_eau_douce]]

Adult game

2021-10-30T14:44:16Z

Karen Schmitt: Card update

= Description =
Count three hours for the adult game. It contains 42 cards in five batches. The optimal number of players is seven participants because this allows each person to read out at least one card per batch. It takes at least five players for the collective intelligence to work its magic, and it is best not to exceed eight, because the group becomes too big and everyone might not have the opportunity to speak.

See below for facilitation advice from beginning to end and batch by batch.

= The game =

=== The cards ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! Batch
|-
|1
|[[En-en_adult_card_1_human_activities|Human activities]]
|1
|-
|2
|[[En-en_adult_card_2_industry|Industry]]
|2
|-
|3
|[[En-en_adult_card_3_building|Building Usage]]
|2
|-
|4
|[[En-en_adult_card_4_transportation|Transportation]]
|2
|-
|5
|[[En-en_adult_card_5_fossil_fuels|Fossil Fuels]]
|1
|-
|6
|[[En-en_adult_card_6_deforestation|Deforestation]]
|2
|-
|7
|[[En-en_adult_card_7_co2_emissions|{{CO2}} Emissions]]
|1
|-
|8
|[[En-en_adult_card_8_agriculture|Agriculture]]
|2
|-
|9
|[[En-en_adult_card_9_other_ghgs|Other GHGs]]
|2
|-
|10
|[[En-en_adult_card_10_aerosols|Aerosols]]
|3
|-
|11
|[[En-en_adult_card_11_concentration_of_co2|Concentration of {{CO2}}]]
|2
|-
|12
|[[En-en_adult_card_12_carbon_sinks|Carbon sinks]]
|2
|-
|13
|[[En-en_adult_card_13_additional_greenhouse_effect|Additional Greenhouse Effect]]
|1
|-
|14
|[[En-en_adult_card_14_energy_budget|Energy Budget]]
|3
|-
|15
|[[En-en_adult_card_15_radiative_forcing|Radiative Forcing]]
|3
|-
|16
|[[En-en_adult_card_16_melting_of_glaciers|Melting Glaciers]]
|3
|-
|17
|[[En-en_adult_card_17_increase_in_water_temperature|Rising Water Temperatures]]
|3
|-
|18
|[[En-en_adult_card_18_melting_of_sea_ice|Melting Sea ice]]
|1
|-
|19
|[[En-en_adult_card_19_melting_of_ice_sheets|Melting Ice Sheets]]
|3
|-
|20
|[[En-en_adult_card_20_disruption_water_cycle|Disruption of the Water Cycle]]
|3
|-
|21
|[[En-en_adult_card_21_temperature_rise|Rising Air Temperatures]]
|1
|-
|22
|[[En-en_adult_card_22_sea_level_rise|Rising Sea Levels]]
|1
|-
|23
|[[En-en_adult_card_23_hindered_calcification_process|Calcification Difficulties]]
|4
|-
|24
|[[En-en_adult_card_24_ocean_acidification|Ocean Acidification]]
|2
|-
|25
|[[En-en_adult_card_25_terrestrial_biodiversity|Terrestrial Biodiversity]]
|4
|-
|26
|[[En-en_adult_card_26_river_flooding|River Flooding]]
|4
|-
|27
|[[En-en_adult_card_27_marine_biodiversity|Marine Biodiversity]]
|4
|-
|28
|[[En-en_adult_card_28_vectors_of_disease|Vectors of Disease]]
|5
|-
|29
|[[En-en_adult_card_29_pteropods_and_coccolithophores|Pteropods and Coccolithophores]]
|4
|-
|30
|[[En-en_adult_card_30_droughts|Droughts]]
|4
|-
|31
|[[En-en_adult_card_31_freshwater_resources|Freshwater Resources]]
|5
|-
|32
|[[En-en_adult_card_32_decline_agricultural_yields|Decline in Agricultural Yields]]
|5
|-
|33
|[[En-en_adult_card_33_marine_submersion|Marine Submersion]]
|4
|-
|34
|[[En-en_adult_card_34_cyclones|Cyclones]]
|4
|-
|35
|[[En-en_adult_card_35_forest_fires|Forest Fires]]
|5
|-
|36
|[[En-en_adult_card_36_heat_waves|Heatwaves]]
|5
|-
|37
|[[En-en_adult_card_37_starvation|Hunger]]
|5
|-
|38
|[[En-en_adult_card_38_human_health|Human Health]]
|5
|-
|39
|[[En-en_adult_card_39_climate_refugees|Climate Refugees]]
|5
|-
|40
|[[En-en_adult_card_40_armed_conflicts|Armed Conflicts]]
|5
|-
|41
|[[En-en_adult_card_41_permafrost|Permafrost]]
|5
|-
|42
|[[En-en_adult_card_42_weakening_gulf_stream|Weakening Gulf Stream]]
|5
|-
|}

=== Batches ===

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
|-
|1
|[[En-en adult batch 1|Batch 1]]
|-
|2
|[[En-en adult batch 2|Batch 2]]
|-
|3
|[[En-en adult batch 3|Batch 3]]
|-
|4
|[[En-en adult batch 4|Batch 4]]
|-
|5
|[[En-en adult batch 5|Batch 5]]
|-
|}

= The workshop =

The workshop takes three hours, as follows:
* A few minutes for the [[En-en adult introduction|introduction]]
* Between an hour and an hour and a half for the [[En-en scientific part|scientific part]]
* Thirty minutes for the [[En-en creative part|creative part]]
* Ten minutes for the [[En-en pitch|pitch]]
* And the rest for the [[En-en debrief|debrief]]

[[fr:Jeu_adulte]]